Acyclic nucleoside phosphonate diesters

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure relates, inter alia, to compositions and methods for treating viral diseases and cancer. There are disclosed lipophilic antiviral and anticancer acyclic nucleoside phosphonate diesters, preparation thereof, and methods of using the compounds to treat viral diseases and cancer.

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/874,027, filed Oct. 2, 2015, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/463,908, filed Aug. 20, 2014, and now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,156,867, which is a continuation U.S. application Ser. No. 14/211,235, filed Mar. 14, 2014, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,835,630, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/793,993, filed Mar. 15, 2013, the content of each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety and for all purposes.

STATEMENT AS TO RIGHTS TO INVENTIONS MADE UNDER FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

This invention was made with government support under grant numbers AI-071803, AI-074057 and EY07366 awarded by the National Institutes of Health. The Government has certain rights in the invention.

REFERENCE TO A “SEQUENCE LISTING,” A TABLE, OR A COMPUTER PROGRAM LISTING APPENDIX SUBMITTED AS AN ASCII FILE

The Sequence Listing written in file 84537-532C03US_ST25.TXT, created Jun. 8, 2016, 1,997 bytes, machine format IBM-PC, MS-Windows operating system, is hereby incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND

The present disclosure relates, inter alia, to compositions and methods for treating viral diseases and cancer. In one aspect it relates to lipophilic antiviral and anticancer acyclic nucleoside phosphonate diesters, preparation thereof, and methods of using the compounds to treat viral diseases and cancer.

Viruses are infectious particles that can replicate their DNA and RNA only within host cells. Viral infections may lead to mild or severe illnesses in humans and mammals. Examples of viral infections include hepatitis B and C, smallpox, herpes simplex, cytomegalovirus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza, adenovirus, chickenpox, BK virus, JC virus and precancerous lesions caused by infections with the human papillomavirus (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, vaginal and anal intraepithelial neoplasia). Viral infection may also lead to cancer in humans and other species. Viruses known to cause cancer include but are not limited to human papilloma virus (HPV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), HIV and Epstein Barr virus (EBV). Vaccination has been successful in preventing infection from many viruses. Antiviral agents are known that interfere with viral DNA or RNA synthesis and viral replication and are used to prevent or treat viral infections in mammals and humans. For example, combinations of antiviral drugs are used to treat AIDS, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, herpes simplex viruses, cytomegalovirus and influenza. Despite these successes, viral diseases remain an important public health problem and improved antiviral agents and anticancer agents are needed. For example, there is presently no approved antiviral treatment for human papillomavirus infections.

Many antiviral drugs are nucleoside or nucleotide analogs. Examples of antiviral nucleoside analogs include azidothymidine, acyclovir, ganciclovir, lamivudine and emtricitabine. Acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (ANPs) are a class of nucleotide analogs and are effective antiviral agents. Adefovir, tenofovir and cidofovir (CDV) are ANPs that have been approved for clinical use against human infections with HBV, HIV and CMV, respectively.

ANPs are known in the art not to be absorbed readily from the gastrointestinal tract of mammals because of their molecular weight and the presence of the double negative charge on the phosphonate. Because of their poor oral pharmacokinetic properties, ANPs are usually converted to prodrugs to produce clinically useful therapeutic agents. It has been demonstrated that masking one or both negative charges with promoieties improves the uptake and transport into the small intestinal enterocytes where the promoiety is cleaved, releasing the ANP into the circulation; examples include tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and adefovir dipivoxil. Another approach is to prepare alkoxyalkyl or alkyl monoesters of ANPs to increase oral bioavailability of the drug. With the alkoxyalkyl ANP monoester approach, side effects may occur when non-targeted tissues such as the small intestine are overexposed. For example, in enterocytes, enzymatic cleavage of the promoiety by a phospholipase C or an acid sphingomyelinase to the ANP may result in local toxicity because of further anabolic phosphorylation to the ANP diphosphate which may inhibit enterocyte DNA synthesis. Lipophilic ANP diester compounds are anticipated to undergo less cleavage from intact prodrug to ANP in the small intestine enterocytes following oral administration reducing GI side effects and releasing more drug substance into the circulation and producing higher levels of the drug substance in the blood.

ANPs or their alkyl or alkoxyalkyl monoesters may exhibit limited uptake in certain target tissues such as the central nervous system. An additional advantage of nucleoside phosphonate diesters is the masking of the remaining negative charge on the phosphonate oxygen with a second masking group which can increase penetration of the drug substance into the central nervous system (CNS) for treatment of CNS viral infections (for example, HIV or JC virus) or for treatment of brain cancers such as glioblastoma. Cancer cells rapidly synthesize DNA and undergo uncontrolled cell division. The lipophilic acyclic nucleoside phosphonate (ANP) diester compositions described herein can be metabolized to their diphosphates which inhibit or block DNA synthesis and cell division in target cancer cells, leading to cell death while having substantially lesser effects on non-malignant cells. Exposure of various types of cancer cells to acyclic nucleoside phosphonates diesters may result in much greater cytotoxicity than that observed in normal non-malignant cells. For example, leukemias, lymphomas, brain neoplasms such as glioblastoma and cervical cancer cells may be more susceptible to the cytotoxic effects when exposed to lipophilic ANP diesters than the corresponding non-malignant cell lines. Lipophilic acyclic nucleoside phosphonate diesters exhibit more selective toxicity, improved access to the central nervous system and effective topical uptake for treatment of skin cancers, viral skin infections, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), vaginal and anal intraepithelial dysplasia, venereal warts and related infections caused by the human papillomavirus when compared to acyclic nucleoside phosphonate monoester compositions.

Compounds disclosed herein having both ANP phosphonate negative charges masked with functional groups provide for more effective use as topical agents for treatment of skin cancers and viral infections. In particular, compounds disclosed herein provide for efficacious treatment for infections of the cervical, vaginal, rectal and penile epithelium with the human papilloma virus including the high risk subtypes such as 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 68, 73, and 82 which are associated with cervical, rectal, penile and vaginal cancer and venereal warts.

BRIEF SUMMARY

In a first aspect, there is provided a compound with structure of Formula (I),

or stereoisomer, salt, hydrate, solvate, or crystalline form thereof. Regarding Formula (I), L is a lipophilic promoiety, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, or O-substituted glyceryl having the formula —CH₂CH(OR¹)—CH₂(OR²) (II), wherein R¹ and R² are independently substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or substituted or unsubstituted aryl. R is substituted or unsubstituted lower alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted lower heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted lower cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted lower heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted lower heteroaryl. X is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted lower alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted lower heteroalkyl.

In another aspect, there is provided a method of treating a viral disease in a subject, including administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I).

In another aspect, there is provided a method for treating cancer in a subject, including administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I).

In another aspect, there is provided a method for killing or inhibiting the growth of a transformed cell, including contacting a transformed cell with a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I).

In another aspect, there is provided a method for treating a proliferative disorder in a subject, including administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I).

In another aspect, there is provided a pharmaceutical composition which includes a compound according to Formula (I), and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

In another aspect, there is provided a method for synthesis of a compound with structure of Formula (I) according to Scheme 2 disclosed herein. The method includes contacting a protected nucleoside B_(Nuc) with structure of Formula (2-1) with an ester with structure of Formula (2-2) in the presence of a strong base under conditions suitable to afford a monoester with structure of Formula (2-3); and reacting the afforded monoester with L-OH in the presence of a coupling agent, thereby synthesizing a compound with structure of Formula (I).

In another aspect, there is provided a compound of Formula (Ia), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate or crystalline form thereof:

For Formula (Ia), B_(Nuc(a)) can be a naturally occurring purine, a naturally occurring pyrimidine, a non-naturally occurring purine or a non-naturally occurring pyrimidine; L^(a) can be an unsubstituted C₁₂₋₂₄ alkyl, an unsubstituted C₁₃₋₂₉ heteroalkyl or a substituted glyceryl moiety, wherein the glyceryl moiety can be substituted with one or more groups selected from an unsubstituted C₁₃₋₂₉ alkyl, an unsubstituted C₁₃₋₂₉ heteroalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl), a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl) and a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl(C₁₋₆ alkyl); R^(a) can be selected from an unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl), a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl) and a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl(C₁₋₆ alkyl); and X^(a) can be hydrogen, an unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, a halogen substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, a hydroxy substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl or an unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy.

In another aspect, there is provided a pharmaceutical composition that can include an effective amount of a compound as disclosed herein (for example, a compound of Formula (Ia)), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate or crystalline form thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

In another aspect, there is provided a compound as disclosed herein (for example, a compound of Formula (Ia)), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate or crystalline form thereof, for use in treating a viral disease in a subject, wherein the viral disease can be selected from human papilloma virus, HIV, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, variola virus, vaccinia virus, an adenovirus, a cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus 1, herpes simplex virus 2, Epstein Barr virus, BK virus, JC virus, feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus.

In another aspect, there is provided a compound as disclosed herein (for example, a compound of Formula (Ia)), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate or crystalline form thereof, for use in treating cancer of the cervix in a subject.

In another aspect, there is provided a compound as disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate or crystalline form thereof, for use in inhibiting growth of a cell transformed by a virus, wherein the virus can be selected from human papilloma virus, HIV, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, variola virus, vaccinia virus, an adenovirus, a cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus 1, herpes simplex virus 2, Epstein Barr virus, BK virus, JC virus, feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus.

In another aspect, there is provided a compound as disclosed herein (for example, a compound of Formula (Ia)), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate or crystalline form thereof, in the preparation of a medicament for treating a viral disease in a subject, wherein the viral disease can be selected from human papilloma virus, HIV, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, variola virus, vaccinia virus, an adenovirus, a cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus 1, herpes simplex virus 2, Epstein Barr virus, BK virus, JC virus, feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus.

In another aspect, there is provided use of a compound as disclosed herein (for example, a compound of Formula (Ia)), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate or crystalline form thereof, in the preparation of a medicament for treating cancer of the cervix in a subject.

In another aspect, there is provided use of a compound as disclosed herein (for example, a compound of Formula (Ia)), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate or crystalline form thereof, in the preparation of a medicament for inhibiting growth of a cell transformed by a virus, wherein the virus can be selected from human papilloma virus, HIV, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, variola virus, vaccinia virus, an adenovirus, a cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus 1, herpes simplex virus 2, Epstein Barr virus, BK virus, JC virus, feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus.

In another aspect, there is provided a method of synthesis of a compound with structure of Formula (Ia).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The FIGURE provides a chromatogram of compound 1a (fast-eluting) and compound 1b (slow eluting), as described in Example 2. X-axis: time (min); Y-axis (milli-absorption units, mAu). Solvent: 50:50:0.1 Water:Acetonitrile:TFA.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION I. Definitions

The abbreviations used herein have their conventional meaning within the chemical and biological arts. The chemical structures and formulae set forth herein are constructed according to the standard rules of chemical valency known in the chemical arts.

Where substituent groups are specified by their conventional chemical formulae, written from left to right, they equally encompass the chemically identical substituents that would result from writing the structure from right to left, e.g., —CH₂O— is equivalent to —OCH₂—.

As used herein, the term “alkyl,” by itself or as part of another substituent, means, unless otherwise stated, and includes a straight (i.e., unbranched) or branched chain, or combination thereof, which may be fully saturated, mono- or polyunsaturated and can include di- and multivalent radicals, having the number of carbon atoms designated (i.e., C₁-C₁₀ means one to ten carbons). Alkyl is an uncyclized chain. Examples of saturated hydrocarbon radicals include, but are not limited to, groups such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, (cyclohexyl)methyl, homologs and isomers of, for example, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, and the like.

An unsaturated alkyl group is one having one or more double bonds (an “alkenyl group”) or triple bonds (an “alkynyl group”). Examples of unsaturated alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, the alkenyl groups vinyl, 2-propenyl, crotyl, 2-isopentenyl, 2-(butadienyl), 2,4-pentadienyl, 3-(1,4-pentadienyl), and the alkynyl groups ethynyl, 1- and 3-propynyl, 3-butynyl, and the higher homologs and isomers.

An alkoxy is an alkyl attached to the remainder of the molecule via an oxygen linker (—O—).

The term “alkylene,” by itself or as part of another substituent, means, unless otherwise stated, a divalent radical derived from an alkyl, as exemplified, but not limited by, —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂—. Typically, an alkyl (or alkylene) group will have from 1 to 24 carbon atoms, or 10 or fewer carbon atoms. A “lower alkyl” or “lower alkylene” is a shorter chain alkyl or alkylene group, generally having eight or fewer carbon atoms.

The term “heteroalkyl,” by itself or in combination with another term, means, unless otherwise stated, a stable straight or branched chain, or combinations thereof, consisting of at least one carbon atom and at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O, N, P, Si, and S, and wherein the nitrogen and sulfur atoms may optionally be oxidized, and the nitrogen heteroatom may optionally be quaternized. The heteroatom(s) O, N, P, S, and Si may be placed at any interior position of the heteroalkyl group or at the position at which the alkyl group is attached to the remainder of the molecule. Heteroalkyl is an uncyclized chain. Examples include, but are not limited to: —CH₂—CH₂—O—CH₃, —CH₂—CH₂—NH—CH₃, —CH₂—CH₂—N(CH₃)—CH₃, —CH₂—S—CH₂—CH₃, —CH₂—CH₂, —S(O)—CH₃, —CH₂—CH₂—S(O)₂—CH₃, —CH═CH—O—CH₃, —Si(CH₃)₃, —CH₂—CH═N—OCH₃, —CH═CH—N(CH₃)—CH₃, —O—CH₃, —O—CH₂—CH₃, and —CN. Up to two heteroatoms may be consecutive, such as, for example, —CH₂—NH—OCH₃.

Similarly, the term “heteroalkylene,” by itself or as part of another substituent, means, unless otherwise stated, a divalent radical derived from heteroalkyl, as exemplified, but not limited by, —CH₂—CH₂—S—CH₂—CH₂— and —CH₂—S—CH₂—CH₂—NH—CH₂—. For heteroalkylene groups, heteroatoms can also occupy either or both of the chain termini (e.g., alkyleneoxy, alkylenedioxy, alkyleneamino, alkylenediamino, and the like). Still further, for alkylene and heteroalkylene linking groups, no orientation of the linking group is implied by the direction in which the formula of the linking group is written. For example, the formula —C(O)₂R′— represents both —C(O)₂R′— and —R′C(O)₂—.

As described above, heteroalkyl groups, as used herein, include those groups that are attached to the remainder of the molecule through a heteroatom, such as —NR′R″, —OR′, —SR′, and/or —SO₂R′. Where “heteroalkyl” is recited, followed by recitations of specific heteroalkyl groups, such as —NR′R″ or the like, it will be understood that the terms heteroalkyl and —NR′R″ are not redundant or mutually exclusive. Rather, the specific heteroalkyl groups are recited to add clarity. Thus, the term “heteroalkyl” should not be interpreted herein as excluding specific heteroalkyl groups, such as —NR′R″ or the like.

The terms “cycloalkyl” and “heterocycloalkyl,” by themselves or in combination with other terms, mean, unless otherwise stated, cyclic versions of “alkyl” and “heteroalkyl,” respectively. Cycloalkyl and heteroalkyl are not aromatic. Additionally, for heterocycloalkyl, a heteroatom can occupy the position at which the heterocycle is attached to the remainder of the molecule. Examples of cycloalkyl include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, 1-cyclohexenyl, 3-cyclohexenyl, cycloheptyl, and the like. Examples of heterocycloalkyl include, but are not limited to, 1-(1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridyl), 1-piperidinyl, 2-piperidinyl, 3-piperidinyl, 4-morpholinyl, 3-morpholinyl, tetrahydrofuran-2-yl, tetrahydrofuran-3-yl, tetrahydrothien-2-yl, tetrahydrothien-3-yl, 1-piperazinyl, 2-piperazinyl, and the like.

A “cycloalkylene” and a “heterocycloalkylene,” alone or as part of another substituent, means a divalent radical derived from a cycloalkyl and heterocycloalkyl, respectively.

The terms “halo” or “halogen,” by themselves or as part of another substituent, mean, unless otherwise stated, a fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine atom. Additionally, terms such as “haloalkyl” are meant to include monohaloalkyl and polyhaloalkyl. For example, the term “halo(C₁-C₄)alkyl” includes, but is not limited to, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 4-chlorobutyl, 3-bromopropyl, and the like.

The term “acyl” means, unless otherwise stated, —C(O)R* where R* is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

The term “aryl” means, unless otherwise stated, a polyunsaturated, aromatic, hydrocarbon substituent, which can be a single ring or multiple rings (preferably from 1 to 3 rings) that are fused together (i.e., a fused ring aryl) or linked covalently. A fused ring aryl refers to multiple rings fused together wherein at least one of the fused rings is an aryl ring.

The term “heteroaryl” refers to aryl groups (or rings) that contain from one to four heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the nitrogen and sulfur atoms are optionally oxidized, and the nitrogen atom(s) are optionally quaternized. Thus, the term “heteroaryl” includes fused ring heteroaryl groups (i.e., multiple rings fused together wherein at least one of the fused rings is a heteroaromatic ring). A 5,6-fused ring heteroarylene refers to two rings fused together, wherein one ring has 5 members and the other ring has 6 members, and wherein at least one ring is a heteroaryl ring. Likewise, a 6,6-fused ring heteroarylene refers to two rings fused together, wherein one ring has 6 members and the other ring has 6 members, and wherein at least one ring is a heteroaryl ring. And a 6,5-fused ring heteroarylene refers to two rings fused together, wherein one ring has 6 members and the other ring has 5 members, and wherein at least one ring is a heteroaryl ring. A heteroaryl group can be attached to the remainder of the molecule through a carbon or heteroatom. Non-limiting examples of aryl and heteroaryl groups include phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, 4-biphenyl, 1-pyrrolyl, 2-pyrrolyl, 3-pyrrolyl, 3-pyrazolyl, 2-imidazolyl, 4-imidazolyl, pyrazinyl, 2-oxazolyl, 4-oxazolyl, 2-phenyl-4-oxazolyl, 5-oxazolyl, 3-isoxazolyl, 4-isoxazolyl, 5-isoxazolyl, 2-thiazolyl, 4-thiazolyl, 5-thiazolyl, 2-furyl, 3-furyl, 2-thienyl, 3-thienyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, 2-pyrimidyl, 4-pyrimidyl, 5-benzothiazolyl, purinyl, 2-benzimidazolyl, 5-indolyl, 1-isoquinolyl, 5-isoquinolyl, 2-quinoxalinyl, 5-quinoxalinyl, 3-quinolyl, and 6-quinolyl. Substituents for each of the above noted aryl and heteroaryl ring systems are selected from the group of acceptable substituents described below. An “arylene” and a “heteroarylene,” alone or as part of another substituent, mean a divalent radical derived from an aryl and heteroaryl, respectively.

For brevity, the term “aryl” when used in combination with other terms (e.g., aryloxy, arylthioxy, arylalkyl) includes both aryl and heteroaryl rings as defined above. Thus, the term “arylalkyl” [e.g., aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl)] is meant to include those radicals in which an aryl group is attached to an alkyl group (e.g., benzyl (Bn), phenethyl, pyridylmethyl, and the like) including those alkyl groups in which a carbon atom (e.g., a methylene group) has been replaced by, for example, an oxygen atom (e.g., phenoxymethyl, 2-pyridyloxymethyl, 3-(1-naphthyloxy)propyl, and the like). Thus, the term “heteroarylalkyl” [e.g., heteroaryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl)] refers to those radicals in which a heteroaryl group is attached to an alkyl group. The term “heterocycloalkylalkyl” [e.g., heterocycloalkyl(C₁₋₆ alkyl)] refers to those radicals in which a heterocycloalkyl is attached to an alkyl group.

The term “oxo,” as used herein, means an oxygen that is double bonded to a carbon atom.

The term “alkylsulfonyl,” as used herein, means a moiety having the formula —S(O₂)—R′, where R′ is an alkyl group as defined above. R′ may have a specified number of carbons (e.g., “C₁-C₄ alkylsulfonyl”).

Each of the above terms (e.g., “alkyl,” “heteroalkyl,” “aryl,” and “heteroaryl”) includes both substituted and unsubstituted forms of the indicated radical. Preferred substituents for each type of radical are provided below.

Substituents for the alkyl and heteroalkyl radicals (including those groups often referred to as alkylene, alkenyl, heteroalkylene, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and heterocycloalkenyl) can be one or more of a variety of groups selected from, but not limited to, —OR′, ═O, ═NR′, ═N—OR′, —NR′R″, —SR′, -halogen, —SiR′R″R′″, —OC(O)R′, —C(O)R′, —CO₂R′, —CONR′R″, —OC(O)NR′R″, —NR″C(O)R′, —NR′—C(O)NR″R′″, —NR″C(O)₂R′, —NR—C(NR′R″R′″)═NR″″, —NR—C(NR′R″)═NR′″, —S(O)R′, —S(O)₂R′, —S(O)₂NR′R″, —NRSO₂R′, —CN, and —NO₂ in a number ranging from zero to (2m′+1), where m′ is the total number of carbon atoms in such radical. R′, R″, R′″, and R″″ each preferably independently refer to hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., aryl substituted with 1-3 halogens), substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkoxy, or thioalkoxy groups, or arylalkyl groups. When a compound includes more than one R group, for example, each of the R groups is independently selected as are each R′, R″, R′″, and R″″ group when more than one of these groups is present. When R′ and R″ are attached to the same nitrogen atom, they can be combined with the nitrogen atom to form a 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered ring. For example, —NR′R″ includes, but is not limited to, 1-pyrrolidinyl and 4-morpholinyl. From the above discussion of substituents, one of skill in the art will understand that the term “substituted alkyl” is meant to include groups including carbon atoms bound to groups other than hydrogen groups, such as haloalkyl (e.g., —CF₃ and —CH₂CF₃) and acyl (e.g., —C(O)CH₃, —C(O)CF₃, —C(O)CH₂OCH₃, and the like).

Similar to the substituents described for the alkyl radical, substituents for the aryl and heteroaryl groups are varied and are selected from, for example: —OR′, —NR′R″, —SR′, -halogen, —SiR′R″R′″, —OC(O)R′, —C(O)R′, —CO₂R′, —CONR′R″, —OC(O)NR′R″, —NR″C(O)R′, —NR′—C(O)NR″R′″, —NR″C(O)₂R′, —NR—C(NR′R″R′″)═NR″″, —NR—C(NR′R″)═NR′″, —S(O)R′, —S(O)₂R′, —S(O)₂NR′R″, —NRSO₂R′, —CN, —NO₂, —R′, —N₃, —CH(Ph)₂, fluoro(C₁-C₄)alkoxy, and fluoro(C₁-C₄)alkyl, in a number ranging from zero to the total number of open valences on the aromatic ring system; and where R′, R″, R′″, and R″″ are preferably independently selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. When a compound includes more than one R group, for example, each of the R groups is independently selected as are each R′, R″, R′″, and R″″ groups when more than one of these groups is present.

Two or more substituents may optionally be joined to form aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl groups. Such so-called ring-forming substituents are typically, though not necessarily, found attached to a cyclic base structure. In embodiments, the ring-forming substituents are attached to adjacent members of the base structure. For example, two ring-forming substituents attached to adjacent members of a cyclic base structure create a fused ring structure. In another embodiment, the ring-forming substituents are attached to a single member of the base structure. For example, two ring-forming substituents attached to a single member of a cyclic base structure create a spirocyclic structure. In yet another embodiment, the ring-forming substituents are attached to non-adjacent members of the base structure.

Two of the substituents on adjacent atoms of the aryl or heteroaryl ring may optionally form a ring of the formula -T-C(O)—(CRR′)_(q)—U—, wherein T and U are independently —NR—, —O—, —CRR′—, or a single bond, and q is an integer of from 0 to 3. Alternatively, two of the substituents on adjacent atoms of the aryl or heteroaryl ring may optionally be replaced with a substituent of the formula -A-(CH₂)_(r)—B—, wherein A and B are independently —CRR′—, —O—, —NR—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —S(O)₂NR′—, or a single bond, and r is an integer of from 1 to 4. One of the single bonds of the new ring so formed may optionally be replaced with a double bond. Alternatively, two of the substituents on adjacent atoms of the aryl or heteroaryl ring may optionally be replaced with a substituent of the formula —(CRR′)_(s)—X′— (C″R′″)_(d)—, where s and d are independently integers of from 0 to 3, and X′ is —O—, —NR′—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, or —S(O)₂NR′—. The substituents R, R′, R″, and R′″ are preferably independently selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

As used herein, the terms “heteroatom” or “ring heteroatom” are meant to include oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), and silicon (Si).

A “substituent group,” as used herein, means a group selected from the following moieties:

-   -   (A) —OH, —NH₂, —SH, —CN, —CF₃, —NO₂, oxo, halogen, unsubstituted         alkyl, unsubstituted heteroalkyl, unsubstituted cycloalkyl,         unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted aryl,         unsubstituted heteroaryl, and     -   (B) alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and         heteroaryl, substituted with at least one substituent selected         from:         -   (i) oxo, —OH, —NH₂, —SH, —CN, —CF₃, —NO₂, halogen,             unsubstituted alkyl, unsubstituted heteroalkyl,             unsubstituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl,             unsubstituted aryl, unsubstituted heteroaryl, and         -   (ii) alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl,             and heteroaryl, substituted with at least one substituent             selected from:             -   (a) oxo, —OH, —NH₂, —SH, —CN, —CF₃, —NO₂, halogen,                 unsubstituted alkyl, unsubstituted heteroalkyl,                 unsubstituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted                 heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted aryl, unsubstituted                 heteroaryl, and             -   (b) alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl,                 aryl, or heteroaryl, substituted with at least one                 substituent selected from: oxo, —OH, —NH₂, —SH, —CN,                 —CF₃, —NO₂, halogen, unsubstituted alkyl, unsubstituted                 heteroalkyl, unsubstituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted                 heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted aryl, and unsubstituted                 heteroaryl.

A “size-limited substituent” or “size-limited substituent group,” as used herein, means a group selected from all of the substituents described above for a “substituent group,” wherein each substituted or unsubstituted alkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₉ alkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 30 membered heteroalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted aryl is a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, and each substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl is a substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl.

A “lower substituent” or “lower substituent group,” as used herein, means a group selected from all of the substituents described above for a “substituent group,” wherein each substituted or unsubstituted alkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 7 membered heterocycloalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted aryl is a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, and each substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl is a substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 9 membered heteroaryl.

In embodiments, each substituted group described in the compounds herein is substituted with at least one substituent group. More specifically, in embodiments, each substituted alkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, substituted alkylene, substituted heteroalkylene, substituted cycloalkylene, substituted heterocycloalkylene, substituted arylene, and/or substituted heteroarylene described in the compounds herein are substituted with at least one substituent group. In embodiments, at least one or all of these groups are substituted with at least one size-limited substituent group. In embodiments, at least one or all of these groups are substituted with at least one lower substituent group.

In embodiments of the compounds herein, each substituted or unsubstituted alkyl may be a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₃₀ alkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 30 membered heteroalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted aryl is a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, and/or each substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl is a substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments of the compounds herein, each substituted or unsubstituted alkylene is a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₃₀ alkylene, each substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene is a substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 30 membered heteroalkylene, each substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene is a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkylene, each substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene is a substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkylene, each substituted or unsubstituted arylene is a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ arylene, and/or each substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene is a substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 10 membered heteroarylene.

In embodiments, each substituted or unsubstituted alkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 7 membered heterocycloalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted aryl is a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, and/or each substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl is a substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 9 membered heteroaryl. In some embodiments, each substituted or unsubstituted alkylene is a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkylene, each substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene is a substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkylene, each substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene is a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₇ cycloalkylene, each substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene is a substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 7 membered heterocycloalkylene, each substituted or unsubstituted arylene is a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ arylene, and/or each substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene is a substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 9 membered heteroarylene.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” is meant to include salts of the active compounds that are prepared with relatively nontoxic acids or bases, depending on the particular substituents found on the compounds described herein. When compounds described herein contain relatively acidic functionalities, base addition salts can be obtained by contacting the neutral form of such compounds with a sufficient amount of the desired base, either neat or in a suitable inert solvent. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts include sodium, potassium, calcium, ammonium, organic amino, or magnesium salt, or a similar salt. When compounds described herein contain relatively basic functionalities, acid addition salts can be obtained by contacting the neutral form of such compounds with a sufficient amount of the desired acid, either neat or in a suitable inert solvent. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts include those derived from inorganic acids like hydrochloric, hydrobromic, nitric, carbonic, monohydrogencarbonic, phosphoric, monohydrogenphosphoric, dihydrogenphosphoric, sulfuric, monohydrogensulfuric, hydriodic, or phosphorous acids and the like, as well as the salts derived from relatively nontoxic organic acids like acetic, propionic, isobutyric, maleic, malonic, benzoic, succinic, suberic, fumaric, lactic, mandelic, phthalic, benzenesulfonic, p-tolylsulfonic, citric, tartaric, oxalic, methanesulfonic, and the like. Also included are salts of amino acids such as arginate and the like, and salts of organic acids like glucuronic or galactunoric acids and the like (see, for example, Berge et al., “Pharmaceutical Salts”, Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 1977, 66:1-19). Certain specific compounds described herein contain both basic and acidic functionalities that allow the compounds to be converted into either base or acid addition salts.

Thus, the compounds described herein [for example, a compound of Formula (I) and/or a compound of Formula (Ia)] may exist as salts, such as with pharmaceutically acceptable acids. Examples of such salts include hydrochlorides, hydrobromides, sulfates, methanesulfonates, nitrates, maleates, acetates, citrates, fumarates, tartrates (e.g., (+)-tartrates, (−)-tartrates, or mixtures thereof including racemic mixtures), succinates, benzoates, and salts with amino acids such as glutamic acid. These salts may be prepared by methods known to those skilled in the art.

The neutral forms of the compounds can be regenerated by contacting the salt with a base or acid and isolating the parent compound in the conventional manner. The parent form of the compound differs from the various salt forms in certain physical properties, such as solubility in polar solvents.

In addition to salt forms, compounds described herein [for example, a compound of Formula (I) and/or a compound of Formula (Ia)] can be in a prodrug form. Prodrugs of the compounds described herein are those compounds that readily undergo chemical changes under physiological conditions to provide a compound described herein. Additionally, prodrugs can be converted to a compounds described herein by chemical or biochemical methods in an ex vivo environment. For example, prodrugs can be slowly converted to a compounds described herein when placed in a transdermal patch reservoir with a suitable enzyme or chemical reagent. The term “promoiety” is meant to refer to a chemical entity reversibly attached to the drug that improves an aspect of drug performance by masking a problematic functional group.

Certain compounds described herein [for example, a compound of Formula (I) and/or a compound of Formula (Ia)] can exist in unsolvated forms as well as solvated forms, including hydrated forms. In general, the solvated forms are equivalent to unsolvated forms and are encompassed. Certain compounds described herein [for example, a compound of Formula (I) and/or a compound of Formula (Ia)] may exist in multiple crystalline or amorphous forms. In general, all physical forms are equivalent for the uses contemplated and are intended.

Certain compounds described herein [for example, a compound of Formula (I) and/or a compound of Formula (Ia)] can possess asymmetric atoms (optical centers) or double bonds; the racemates, diastereomers, tautomers, geometric isomers, and individual isomers are encompassed. The compounds described herein [for example, a compound of Formula (I) and/or a compound of Formula (Ia)] do not include those that are known in the art to be too unstable to synthesize and/or isolate.

The compounds described herein [for example, a compound of Formula (I) and/or a compound of Formula (Ia)] may also contain unnatural proportions of atomic isotopes at one or more of the atoms that constitute such compounds. For example, the compounds may be radiolabeled with radioactive isotopes, such as for example tritium (³H), iodine-125 (¹²⁵I), or carbon-14 (¹⁴C). All isotopic variations of the compounds, whether radioactive or not, are encompassed.

The symbol “

” denotes the point of attachment of a chemical moiety to the remainder of a molecule or chemical formula.

II. Compounds

In a first aspect, there is provided a compound with structure of Formula (I):

or stereoisomer, salt, hydrate, solvate, or crystalline form thereof. For the compound with structure of Formula (I), B_(Nuc) is a naturally occurring purine or pyrimidine base, or analog thereof; L is a lipophilic promoiety, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, or O-substituted glyceryl having the formula —CH₂CH(OR¹)—CH₂(OR²) (II), wherein R¹ and R² are independently substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted aryl; R is substituted or unsubstituted lower alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted lower heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted lower cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted lower heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted lower heteroaryl; and X is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted lower alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted lower heteroalkyl.

In embodiments, the compound is a stereoisomer with the structure of Formula (I). In embodiments, the compound is a salt of a compound with the structure of Formula (I). In embodiments, the compound is a solvate of a compound with the structure of Formula (I). In embodiments, the compound is a crystalline form of a compound with the structure of Formula (I).

The terms “naturally occurring purine or pyrimidine base” and the like refer, in the usual and customary sense as employed in the art, to purine or pyrimidine bases, e.g., guanine, adenine, cytosine, thymine, uracil, or 2,6-diaminopurine. Attachment of the naturally occurring purine or pyrimidine base can be at any available site, e.g., guanin-9-yl, adenine-9-yl, cytosine-1-yl, thymin-1-yl, uracil-1-yl, 2,6-diaminopurin-9-yl, and the like. When attached to the remainder of the compounds described herein, the naturally occurring purine or pyrimidine base is in monovalent from (the form of a chemical moiety or substituent as known in the art).

The terms “analog of naturally occurring purine or pyrimidine base” and the like refer, in the usual and customary sense, to a chemical analog of a naturally occurring purine or pyrimidine base, as known in the art. When attached to the remainder of the compounds described herein, the analog of naturally occurring purine or pyrimidine base is in monovalent from (the form of a chemical moiety or substituent as known in the art).

Accordingly, in embodiments, B_(Nuc) is a naturally occurring purine or pyrimidine base. In embodiments, B_(Nuc) is a naturally occurring purine base. In embodiments, B_(Nuc) is a naturally occurring pyrimidine base. In embodiments, B_(Nuc) is an analog of a naturally occurring purine or pyrimidine base. In embodiments, B_(Nuc) is an analog of a naturally occurring base. In embodiments, B_(Nuc) is an analog of a naturally occurring pyrimidine base.

The terms “lipophilic promoiety” and the like refer to a chemical moiety which imparts increased lipophilicity when incorporated into a compound with structure of Formula (I). In embodiments, the lipophilic promoiety is a substituted or unsubstituted C₈₋₂₄ alkyl. In embodiments, the lipophilic promoiety is a substituted or unsubstituted C₈₋₂₄ heteroalkyl. In embodiments, the lipophilic promoiety is a substituted or unsubstituted C₈₋₂₄ alkoxyalkyl. Exemplary lipophilic promoieties include glyceryl moieties having substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, and/or substituted or unsubstituted aryl substituents. In embodiments, substitution at a glyceryl moiety is via O-substitution with a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, and/or via O-substitution with a substituted or unsubstituted aryl. Thus, the lipophilic promoiety, L, imparts lipophilicity and therefore may include glyceryl ether linked compounds (e.g., 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl) wherein the hydrogens of the glyceryl hydroxyls are replaced with substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or substituted or unsubstituted aryl groups that do not impart hydrophilicity, and the carbons atoms of the glyceryl are not further substituted. In some embodiments, L is an O-substituted glyceryl having the formula —CH₂CH(OR¹)—CH₂(OR²) (II), wherein R¹ and R² are independently a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl.

In some embodiments, L is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, or an O-substituted glyceryl having the formula —CH₂CH(OR¹)—CH₂(OR²) (II), wherein R¹ and R² are independently a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl. In embodiments, L is an O-substituted glyceryl. In one embodiment L is 1-O-alkyl-2-O-benzyl-sn-glyceryl. In embodiments, L is 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn-glyceryl. In embodiments, L is an unsubstituted alkyl. In embodiments, L is a size-limited unsubstituted alkyl. In embodiments, L is C₈₋₂₄ alkyl. In embodiments, L is an unsubstituted heteroalkyl. In embodiments, L is a size-limited unsubstituted heteroalkyl. In embodiments, L is C₈₋₂₄ heteroalkyl. In embodiments, L is an unsubstituted alkoxyalkyl. In embodiments, L is a size-limited unsubstituted alkoxyalkyl. In embodiments, L is C₈₋₂₄ alkoxyalkyl.

In embodiments, R is a substituted or unsubstituted lower alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted lower heteroalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted lower cycloalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted lower heterocycloalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or a substituted or unsubstituted lower heteroaryl. In embodiments, R is a substituted or unsubstituted lower alkyl. In embodiments, R is a substituted or unsubstituted lower heteroalkyl. In embodiments, R is an O-substituted glyceryl having the formula —CH₂CH(OR³)—CH₂(OR⁴) (III), wherein R³ and R⁴ are independently a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl. In embodiments, R is a substituted or unsubstituted lower cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R is a substituted or unsubstituted lower heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R is a substituted or unsubstituted hexopyranosyl. In embodiments, R is an unsubstituted hexopyranosyl. In embodiments, R is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl. In embodiments, R is a substituted or unsubstituted lower heteroaryl. In embodiments, R is an unsubstituted lower alkyl. In embodiments, R is an unsubstituted lower heteroalkyl. In embodiments, R is an unsubstituted lower cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R is an unsubstituted lower heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R is an unsubstituted aryl. In embodiments, R is an unsubstituted lower heteroaryl. In embodiments, R is a size-limited substituted or unsubstituted lower cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R is a size-limited substituted or unsubstituted lower heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R is a size-limited substituted or unsubstituted aryl. In embodiments, R is a size-limited substituted or unsubstituted lower heteroaryl. In embodiments, R is C₁₋₈ substituted or unsubstituted alkyl. In embodiments, R is C₁₋₈ substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl. In embodiments, R is C₄₋₈ substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R is C₄₋₈ substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R is C₆₋₁₀ substituted or unsubstituted aryl. In embodiments, R is C₆₋₁₀ substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. In embodiments, R is C₁₋₈ unsubstituted alkyl. In embodiments, R is C₂₋₈ unsubstituted heteroalkyl. In embodiments, R is C₄₋₈ unsubstituted cycloalkyl. In embodiments, R is C₄₋₈ unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl. In embodiments, R is C₆₋₁₀ unsubstituted aryl. In embodiments, R is C₆₋₁₀ unsubstituted heteroaryl.

In embodiments, R is a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, a substituted or unsubstituted naphthyl, a substituted or unsubstituted benzyl, a substituted or unsubstituted glyceryl, or a substituted or unsubstituted hexopyranosyl. In embodiments, R is a substituted phenyl. In embodiments, R is a substituted naphthyl. In embodiments, R is a substituted benzyl. In embodiments, R is a substituted glyceryl. In embodiments, R is a substituted hexopyranosyl. In embodiments, R is an unsubstituted phenyl. In embodiments, R is an unsubstituted naphthyl. In embodiments, R is an unsubstituted benzyl. In embodiments, R is an unsubstituted glyceryl. In embodiments, R is an unsubstituted hexopyranosyl.

In embodiments, X is hydrogen, a substituted or unsubstituted lower alkyl, or a substituted or unsubstituted lower heteroalkyl. In embodiments, X is hydrogen. In embodiments, X is a substituted or unsubstituted lower alkyl. In embodiments, X is a substituted or unsubstituted lower heteroalkyl. In embodiments, X is an unsubstituted lower alkyl. In embodiments, X is an unsubstituted lower heteroalkyl. In embodiments, X is a size-limited substituted or unsubstituted alkyl. In embodiments, X is a size-limited substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl. In embodiments, X is a size-limited unsubstituted alkyl. In embodiments, X is a size-limited unsubstituted heteroalkyl. In embodiments, X is methyl. In embodiments, X is methoxymethyl. In embodiments, X is hydroxymethyl. In embodiments, X is fluoromethyl.

In embodiments, the compound with structure of Formula (I) has the structure of Formula (I-1):

For the compound with structure of Formula (I-1), B_(Nuc) is as described for any of the embodiments of the compound of Formula (I) disclosed herein.

In embodiments, L is as described for any of the embodiments of the compound of Formula (I) described herein. In embodiments, L is octadecyloxyethyl, hexadecyloxypropyl, or 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn-glyceryl. In embodiments, L is octadecyloxyethyl. In embodiments, L is hexadecyloxypropyl. In embodiments, L is 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn-glyceryl.

In embodiments, R is as described for any of the embodiments of the compound of Formula (I) described herein. In embodiments, R is a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, a substituted or unsubstituted naphthyl, a substituted or unsubstituted benzyl, a substituted or unsubstituted glyceryl, or a substituted or unsubstituted hexopyranosyl. In embodiments, R is a substituted phenyl. In embodiments, R is a substituted naphthyl. In embodiments, R is a substituted benzyl. In embodiments, R is a substituted glyceryl. In embodiments, R is a substituted hexopyranosyl. In embodiments, R is an unsubstituted phenyl. In embodiments, R is an unsubstituted naphthyl. In embodiments, R is an unsubstituted benzyl. In embodiments, R is an unsubstituted glyceryl. In embodiments, R is an unsubstituted hexopyranosyl.

In embodiments, the compound with structure of Formula (I) has the structure of Formula (I-2):

For the compound with structure of Formula (I-2), in one embodiment B_(Nuc) is as described for any of the embodiments of the compound of Formulae (I)-(I-1) disclosed herein.

In embodiments, L is as described for any of the embodiments of the compound of Formulae (I)-(I-1) described herein.

In embodiments, R is as described for any of the embodiments of the compound of Formulae (I)-(I-1) described herein.

In embodiments, the compound with structure of Formula (I) has the structure of Formula (I-3):

For the compound with structure of Formula (I-3), in one embodiment B_(Nuc) is as described for any of the embodiments of the compound of Formulae (I)-(I-2) disclosed herein.

In embodiments, L is as described for any of the embodiments of the compound of Formulae (I)-(I-2) described herein.

In embodiments, R is as described for any of the embodiments of the compound of Formulae (I)-(I-2) described herein.

In embodiments, the compound with structure of Formula (I) has the structure of Formula (I-4):

For the compound with structure of Formula (I-4), in one embodiment B_(Nuc) is as described for any of the embodiments of the compound of Formulae (I)-(I-3) disclosed herein.

In embodiments, L is as described for any of the embodiments of the compound of Formulae (I)-(I-3) described herein.

In embodiments, R is as described for any of the embodiments of the compound of Formulae (I)-(I-3) described herein.

In embodiments, the compound with structure of Formula (I) has the structure of Formula (I-5):

For the compound with structure of Formula (I-5), in one embodiment B_(Nuc) is as described for any of the embodiments of the compound of Formulae (I)-(I-4) disclosed herein.

In embodiments, L is as described for any of the embodiments of the compound of Formulae (I)-(I-4) described herein.

In embodiments, R is as described for any of the embodiments of the compound of Formulae (I)-(I-4) described herein.

In another aspect, there is provided a compound of Formula (Ia), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate or crystalline form thereof:

For this aspect, B_(Nuc(a)) can be a naturally occurring purine, a naturally occurring pyrimidine, a non-naturally occurring purine or a non-naturally occurring pyrimidine. L^(a) can be an unsubstituted C₁₂₋₂₄ alkyl, an unsubstituted C₁₃₋₂₉ heteroalkyl or a substituted glyceryl moiety. The glyceryl moiety may be substituted with one or more groups selected from an unsubstituted C₁₃₋₂₉ alkyl, an unsubstituted C₁₃₋₂₉ heteroalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl), a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl) and a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl(C₁₋₆ alkyl). R^(a) can be selected from an unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl), a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl) and a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl(C₁₋₆ alkyl). X^(a) can be hydrogen, an unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, a halogen substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, a hydroxy substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl or an unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy.

In embodiments, X^(a) can be hydrogen, an unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, a halogen substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, a hydroxy substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl or an unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy. In embodiments, X^(a) can be hydrogen. In embodiments, X^(a) can be an unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In embodiments, X^(a) can be methyl. In embodiments, X^(a) can be a hydroxy substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In embodiments, X^(a) can be —CH₂OH. In embodiments, X can be an unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy. In embodiments, X^(a) can be methoxy. In embodiments, X^(a) can be a halogen substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In embodiments, X^(a) can be a fluoro substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In embodiments, X^(a) can be —CH₂F.

Further to any embodiment above, in embodiments L^(a) can be an unsubstituted C₁₃₋₂₉ heteroalkyl. In embodiments, L^(a) can have the structure —(CH₂)₁₋₆—O—(CH₂)₁₁₋₂₁—CH₃. In embodiments, L^(a) can have the structure —(CH₂)₂—O—(CH₂)₁₇—CH₃. In embodiments, L^(a) can have the structure —(CH₂)₃—O—(CH₂)₁₅—CH₃. In embodiments, L^(a) can have the structure —(CH₂)₁₋₆—O—(CH₂)₁₀₋₂₀—(CHCH₃)—CH₃.

Further to any embodiment above, in embodiments L^(a) can be a substituted glyceryl moiety. In embodiments, L^(a) can have the structure —(CH₂)—CH(OR^(a1))—(CH₂)—O(CH₂)₁₁₋₂₁—CH₃, wherein R^(a1) can be a substituted or unsubstituted aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl), a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl) or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl(C₁₋₆ alkyl). In embodiment, R^(a1) can be a substituted aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl). In embodiment, R^(a1) can be an unsubstituted aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl). In embodiment, R^(a1) can be a substituted heteroaryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl). In embodiment, R^(a1) can be an unsubstituted heteroaryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl).). In embodiment, R^(a1) can be a substituted heterocycloalkyl(C₁₋₆ alkyl). In embodiment, R^(a1) can be an unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl(C₁₋₆ alkyl).

In embodiments, L^(a) can have the structure

Further to any embodiment of the compound of Formula (Ia), in embodiments R^(a) can be a substituted or unsubstituted aryl. In embodiments, the substituted aryl can be a substituted phenyl. In embodiments, the unsubstituted aryl can be an unsubstituted phenyl. In embodiments, the substituted aryl can be a substituted naphthyl. In embodiments, the unsubstituted aryl can be an unsubstituted naphthyl.

Further to any embodiment of the compound of Formula (Ia), in embodiments R^(a) can be a substituted or unsubstituted aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl). In embodiments, the substituted aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl) can be a substituted benzyl. In embodiments, the unsubstituted aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl) can be an unsubstituted benzyl.

Further to any embodiment of the compound of Formula (Ia), in embodiments R^(a) can be a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl(C₁₋₆ alkyl). In embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl(C₁₋₆ alkyl) is a substituted or unsubstituted galactosyl.

Further to any embodiment of the compound of Formula (Ia), in embodiments B_(Nuc(a)) can be a naturally occurring purine. In embodiments, B_(Nuc(a)) can be a naturally occurring pyrimidine. In embodiments, B_(Nuc(a)) can be a non-naturally occurring purine. In embodiments, B_(Nuc(a)) can be a non-naturally occurring pyrimidine. The term “non-naturally occurring” and the like, in the context of purine or pyrimidine nucleoside B_(Nuc(a)) groups, refers to moieties having a purine or pyrimidine core and additional chemical modifications not found in naturally occurring systems. Examples of purines include adenine, guanine, hypoxanthine, xanthine, theobromine, caffeine, uric acid, isoguanine, 2,6-diaminopurine. Examples of pyrimidines include cytosine, thymine, and uracil.

In embodiments, B_(Nuc(a)) can be selected from:

In embodiments, a compound of Formula (Ia) can have the structure:

In embodiments, a compound of Formula (Ia) can have the structure:

In embodiments, a compound of Formula (Ia) can have the structure:

In embodiments, a compound of Formula (Ia) can have the structure:

In embodiments, a compound of Formula (Ia) can have the structure:

In embodiments, a compound of Formula (Ia) can have the structure:

In embodiments, the compound can be selected from:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate or crystalline form of any of the foregoing.

As can be seen from Formulae (I) and (Ia), there are many embodiments. For example, there are disclosed embodiments directed to a compound of Formula (I) and a compound of Formula (Ia) based on the identity of the acyclic nucleoside phosphonate scaffold. This is not intended to be an explicit or implicit admission that the embodiments are independent or distinct nor should it be interpreted as such. Rather, it is intended to convey information so that the full breadth of Formulae (I) and (Ia) can be understood. Furthermore, the following embodiments, and aspects thereof, are not meant to be limiting on the full breadth of the structure of Formula (I) and/or the structure of Formula (Ia).

Tables 1-10 following disclose structures contemplated herein. The structures of Tables 1-10 and are not intended to be limiting on the full breadth of the contemplated compounds represented by the structure of Formulae (I), (I-1), (I-2), (I-3), (I-4), (I-5) and (Ia). Moreover, it is contemplated that any one of the contemplated acyclic nucleoside phosphonate (ANP) scaffolds (PME-, (R)-PMP-, (S)-MPMP-, (S)-HPMP- and (S)-FPMP-) or their stereoisomers, can be used in combination with any of the contemplated combinations of naturally occurring or modified purine or pyrimidine base (B_(Nuc)/B_(Nuc(a)), L/L^(a) and R/R^(a). Additionally, as the phosphorus atom of the ANP diester is a potential chiral center, it is understood that Rp and Sp (i.e., Cahn-Ingold-Prelog nomenclature as known in the art) stereochemical configurations are possible. Therefore, the structures below include stereochemical configurations possible for phosphorus.

TABLE 1 Phosphonomethoxyethyl (PME) diester compounds

Cmpd No. B_(Nuc)/B_(Nuc(a)) L/L^(a) R/R^(a) Name    1-(RP, Sp) guanin-9-yl octadecyloxyethyl benzyl benzyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)guanine  1a (fast) guanin-9-yl octadecyloxyethyl benzyl benzyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)guanine  1b (slow) guanin-9-yl octadecyloxyethyl benzyl benzyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)guanine  2 adenine-9-yl octadecyloxyethyl benzyl benzyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)adenine  3 cytosine-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl benzyl benzyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)cytosine  4 thymin-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl benzyl benzyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)thymine  5 uracil-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl benzyl benzyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)uracil  6 2,6- octadecyloxyethyl benzyl benzyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(2- diaminopurin- phosphonomethoxyethyl)-2,6- 9-yl diaminopurine  7 guanin-9-yl hexadecyloxypropyl benzyl benzyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)guanine  8 adenine-9-yl hexadecyloxypropyl benzyl benzyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)adenine  9 cytosine-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl benzyl benzyl hexadecyloxypropyl 1-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)cytosine 10 thymin-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl benzyl benzyl hexadecyloxypropyl 1-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)thymine 11 uracil-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl benzyl benzyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)uracil 12 2,6- hexadecyloxypropyl benzyl benzyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(2- diaminopurin- phosphonomethoxyethyl)-2,6- 9-yl diaminopurine 13 guanin-9-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- benzyl benzyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn benzyl-sn glyceryl glyceryl 9-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)guanine 14 adenine-9-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- benzyl benzyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn benzyl-sn glyceryl glyceryl 9-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)adenine 15 cytosine-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- benzyl benzyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn benzyl-sn glyceryl glyceryl 1-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)cytosine 16 thymin-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- benzyl benzyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn benzyl-sn glyceryl glyceryl 1-(2-phosphonomethoxy- ethyl)thymine 17 uracil-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- benzyl benzyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn benzyl-sn glyceryl glyceryl 9-(2-phosphonomethoxy- ethyl)uracil 18 2,6- 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- benzyl enzyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn diaminopurin- benzyl-sn glyceryl glyceryl 9-(2-phosphonomethoxy- 9-yl ethyl)-2,6-diaminopurine 19 guanin-9-yl octadecyloxyethyl phenyl phenyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)guanine 20 adenine-9-yl octadecyloxyethyl phenyl phenyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)adenine 21 cytosine-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl phenyl phenyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)cytosine 22 thymin-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl phenyl phenyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)thymine 23 uracil-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl phenyl phenyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)uracil 24 2,6- octadecyloxyethyl phenyl phenyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(2- diaminopurin- phosphonomethoxyethyl)-2,6- 9-yl diaminopurine 25 guanin-9-yl hexadecyloxypropyl phenyl phenyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)guanine 26 adenine-9-yl hexadecyloxypropyl phenyl phenyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)adenine 27 cytosine-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl phenyl phenyl hexadecyloxypropyl 1-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)cytosine 28 thymin-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl phenyl phenyl hexadecyloxypropyl 1-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)thymine 29 uracil-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl phenyl phenyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)uracil 30 2,6- hexadecyloxypropyl phenyl phenyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(2- diaminopurin- phosphonomethoxyethyl)-2,6- 9-yl diaminopurine 31 guanin-9-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- phenyl phenyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn benzyl-sn glyceryl glyceryl 9-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)guanine 32 adenine-9-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- phenyl phenyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn benzyl-sn glyceryl glyceryl 9-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)adenine 33 cytosine-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- phenyl phenyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn benzyl-sn glyceryl glyceryl 1-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)cytosine 34 thymin-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- phenyl phenyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn benzyl-sn glyceryl glyceryl 1-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)thymine 35 uracil-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- phenyl phenyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn benzyl-sn glyceryl glyceryl 9-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)uracil 36 2,6- 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- phenyl phenyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn diaminopurin- benzyl-sn glyceryl glyceryl 9-(2- 9-yl phosphonomethoxyethyl)-2,6- diaminopurine 37 guanin-9-yl octadecyloxyethyl ethyl ethyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)guanine 38 adenine-9-yl octadecyloxyethyl ethyl ethyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)adenine 39 cytosine-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl ethyl ethyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)cytosine 40 thymin-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl ethyl ethyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)thymine 41 uracil-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl ethyl ethyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)uracil 42 2,6- octadecyloxyethyl ethyl ethyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(2- diaminopurin- phosphonomethoxyethyl)-2,6- 9-yl diaminopurine 43 guanin-9-yl hexadecyloxypropyl ethyl ethyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)guanine 44 adenine-9-yl hexadecyloxypropyl ethyl ethyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)adenine 45 cytosine-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl ethyl ethyl hexadecyloxypropyl 1-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)cytosine 46 thymin-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl ethyl ethyl hexadecyloxypropyl 1-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)thymine 47 uracil-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl ethyl ethyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)uracil 48 2,6- hexadecyloxypropyl ethyl ethyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(2- diaminopurin- phosphonomethoxyethyl)-2,6- 9-yl diaminopurine 49 guanin-9-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- ethyl ethyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn benzyl-sn glyceryl glyceryl 9-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)guanine 50 adenine-9-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- ethyl ethyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn benzyl-sn glyceryl glyceryl 9-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)adenine 51 cytosine-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- ethyl ethyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn benzyl-sn glyceryl glyceryl 1-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)cytosine 52 thymin-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- ethyl ethyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn benzyl-sn glyceryl glyceryl 1-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)thymine 53 uracil-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- ethyl ethyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn benzyl-sn glyceryl glyceryl 9-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)uracil 54 2,6- 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- ethyl ethyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn diaminopurin- benzyl-sn glyceryl glyceryl 9-(2- 9-yl phosphonomethoxyethyl)-2,6- diaminopurine 55 guanin-9-yl octadecyloxyethyl galactosyl galactosyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)guanine 56 adenine-9-yl octadecyloxyethyl galactosyl galactosyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)adenine 57 cytosine-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl galactosyl galactosyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)cytosine 58 thymin-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl galactosyl galactosyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)thymine 59 uracil-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl galactosyl galactosyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)uracil 60 2,6- octadecyloxyethyl galactosyl galactosyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(2- diaminopurin- phosphonomethoxyethyl)-2,6- 9-yl diaminopurine 61 guanin-9-yl hexadecyloxypropyl galactosyl galactosyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)guanine 62 adenine-9-yl hexadecyloxypropyl galactosyl galactosyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)adenine 63 cytosine-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl galactosyl galactosyl hexadecyloxypropyl 1-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)cytosine 64 thymin-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl galactosyl galactosyl hexadecyloxypropyl 1-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)thymine 65 uracil-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl galactosyl galactosyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)uracil 66 2,6- hexadecyloxypropyl galactosyl galactosyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(2- diaminopurin- phosphonomethoxyethyl)-2,6- 9-yl diaminopurine 67 guanin-9-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- galactosyl galactosyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl- benzyl-sn glyceryl sn glyceryl 9-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)guanine 68 adenine-9-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- galactosyl galactosyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl- benzyl-sn glyceryl sn glyceryl 9-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)adenine 69 cytosine-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- galactosyl galactosyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl- benzyl-sn glyceryl sn glyceryl 1-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)cytosine 70 thymin-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- galactosyl galactosyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl- benzyl-sn glyceryl sn glyceryl 1-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)thymine 71 uracil-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- galactosyl galactosyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl- benzyl-sn glyceryl sn glyceryl 9-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)uracil 72 2,6- 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- galactosyl galactosyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl- diaminopurin- benzyl-sn glyceryl sn glyceryl 9-(2- 9-yl phosphonomethoxyethyl)-2,6- diaminopurine

TABLE 2 (R)-phosphonomethoxypropyl [(R)-PMP] diester compounds

Cmpd No. B_(Nuc)/B_(Nuc(a)) L/L^(a) R/R^(a) Name    73 guanin-9-yl octadecyloxyethyl benzyl benzyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(R)-[(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]guanine  74 adenine-9-yl octadecyloxyethyl benzyl benzyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(R)-[(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine  75 cytosine-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl benzyl benzyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(R)-[(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine  76 thymin-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl benzyl benzyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(R)-[(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]thymine  77 uracil-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl benzyl benzyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(R)-[(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]uracil  78 2,6- octadecyloxyethyl benzyl benzyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(R)-[(2- diaminopurin- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]2,6- 9-yl diaminopurine  79 guanin-9-yl hexadecyloxypropyl benzyl benzyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(R)-[(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]guanine  80 adenine-9-yl hexadecyloxypropyl benzyl benzyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(R)-[(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine  81 cytosine-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl benzyl benzyl hexadecyloxypropyl 1-(R)-[(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine  82 thymin-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl benzyl benzyl hexadecyloxypropyl 1-(R)-[(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]thymine  83 uracil-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl benzyl benzyl hexadecyloxypropyl 1-(R)-[(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]uracil  84 2,6- hexadecyloxypropyl benzyl benzyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(R)-[(2- diaminopurin- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]2,6- 9-yl diaminopurine  85 guanin-9-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- benzyl benzyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn benzyl-sn glyceryl glyceryl 9-(R)-[(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]guanine  86 adenine-9-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- benzyl benzyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn benzyl-sn glyceryl glyceryl 9-(R)-[(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine  87 cytosine-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- benzyl benzyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn benzyl-sn glyceryl glyceryl 1-(R)-[(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine  88 thymin-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- benzyl benzyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn benzyl-sn glyceryl glyceryl 1-(R)-[(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]thymine  89 uracil-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- benzyl benzyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn benzyl-sn glyceryl glyceryl 1-(R)-[(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]uracil  90 2,6- 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- benzyl benzyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn diaminopurin- benzyl-sn glyceryl glyceryl 9-(R)-[(2- 9-yl phosphonomethoxy)propyl]2,6- diaminopurine  91 guanin-9-yl octadecyloxyethyl phenyl phenyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(R)-[(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]guanine  92 adenine-9-yl octadecyloxyethyl phenyl phenyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(R)-[(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine  93 cytosine-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl phenyl phenyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(R)-[(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine  94 thymin-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl phenyl phenyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(R)-[(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]thymine  95 uracil-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl phenyl phenyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(R)-[(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]uracil  96 2,6- octadecyloxyethyl phenyl phenyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(R)-[(2- diaminopurin- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]2,6- 9-yl diaminopurine  97 guanin-9-yl hexadecyloxypropyl phenyl phenyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(R)-[(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]guanine  98 adenine-9-yl hexadecyloxypropyl phenyl phenyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(R)-[(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine  99 cytosine-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl phenyl phenyl hexadecyloxypropyl 1-(R)-[(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine 100 thymin-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl phenyl phenyl hexadecyloxypropyl 1-(R)-[(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]thymine 101 uracil-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl phenyl phenyl hexadecyloxypropyl 1-(R)-[(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]uracil 102 2,6- hexadecyloxypropyl phenyl phenyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(R)-[(2- diaminopurin- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]2,6- 9-yl diaminopurine 103 guanin-9-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- phenyl phenyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn benzyl-sn glyceryl glyceryl 9-(R)-[(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]guanine 104 adenine-9-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- phenyl phenyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn benzyl-sn glyceryl glyceryl 9-(R)-[(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine 105 cytosine-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- phenyl phenyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn benzyl-sn glyceryl glyceryl 1-(R)-[(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine 106 thymin-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- phenyl phenyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn benzyl-sn glyceryl glyceryl 1-(R)-[(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]thymine 107 uracil-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- phenyl phenyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn benzyl-sn glyceryl glyceryl 1-(R)-[(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]uracil 108 2,6- 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- phenyl phenyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn diaminopurin- benzyl-sn glyceryl glyceryl 9-(R)-[(2- 9-yl phosphonomethoxy)propyl]2,6- diaminopurine 109 guanin-9-yl octadecyloxyethyl ethyl ethyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(R)-[(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]guanine 110 adenine-9-yl octadecyloxyethyl ethyl ethyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(R)-[(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine 111 cytosine-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl ethyl ethyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(R)-[(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine 112 thymin-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl ethyl ethyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(R)-[(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]thymine 113 uracil-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl ethyl ethyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(R)-[(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]uracil 114 2,6- octadecyloxyethyl ethyl ethyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(R)-[(2- diaminopurin- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]2,6- 9-yl diaminopurine 115 guanin-9-yl hexadecyloxypropyl ethyl ethyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(R)-[(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]guanine 116 adenine-9-yl hexadecyloxypropyl ethyl ethyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(R)-[(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine 117 cytosine-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl ethyl ethyl hexadecyloxypropyl 1-(R)-[(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine 118 thymin-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl ethyl ethyl hexadecyloxypropyl 1-(R)-[(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]thymine 119 uracil-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl ethyl ethyl hexadecyloxypropyl 1-(R)-[(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]uracil 120 2,6- hexadecyloxypropyl ethyl ethyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(R)-[(2- diaminopurin- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]2,6- 9-yl diaminopurine 121 guanin-9-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- ethyl ethyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn benzyl-sn glyceryl glyceryl 9-(R)-[(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]guanine 122 adenine-9-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- ethyl ethyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn benzyl-sn glyceryl glyceryl 9-(R)-[(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine 123 cytosine-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- ethyl ethyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn benzyl-sn glyceryl glyceryl 1-(R)-[(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine 124 thymin-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- ethyl ethyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn benzyl-sn glyceryl glyceryl 1-(R)-[(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]thymine 125 uracil-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- ethyl ethyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn benzyl-sn glyceryl glyceryl 1-(R)-[(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]uracil 126 2,6- 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- ethyl phenyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn diaminopurin- benzyl-sn glyceryl glyceryl 9-(R)-[(2- 9-yl phosphonomethoxy)propyl]2,6- diaminopurine 127 guanin-9-yl octadecyloxyethyl galactosyl galactosyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(R)-[(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]guanine 128 adenine-9-yl octadecyloxyethyl galactosyl galactosyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(R)-[(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine 129 cytosine-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl galactosyl galactosyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(R)-[(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine 130 thymin-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl galactosyl galactosyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(R)-[(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]thymine 131 uracil-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl galactosyl galactosyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(R)-[(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]uracil 132 2,6- octadecyloxyethyl galactosyl galactosyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(R)-[(2- diaminopurin- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]2,6- 9-yl diaminopurine 133 guanin-9-yl hexadecyloxypropyl galactosyl galactosyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(R)- [(2-phosphonomethoxy)propyl]guanine 134 adenine-9-yl hexadecyloxypropyl galactosyl galactosyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(R)- [(2-phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine 135 cytosine-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl galactosyl galactosyl hexadecyloxypropyl 1-(R)- [(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine 136 thymin-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl galactosyl galactosyl hexadecyloxypropyl 1-(R)- [(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]thymine 137 uracil-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl galactosyl galactosyl hexadecyloxypropyl 1-(R)- [(2-phosphonomethoxy)propyl]uracil 138 2,6- hexadecyloxypropyl galactosyl galactosyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(R)- diaminopurin- [(2-phosphonomethoxy)propyl]2,6- 9-yl diaminopurine 139 guanin-9-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- galactosyl galactosyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl- benzyl-sn glyceryl sn glyceryl 9-(R)-[(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]guanine 140 adenine-9-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- galactosyl galactosyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl- benzyl-sn glyceryl sn glyceryl 9-(R)-[(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine 141 cytosine-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- galactosyl galactosyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl- benzyl-sn glyceryl sn glyceryl 1-(R)-[(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine 142 thymin-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- galactosyl galactosyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl- benzyl-sn glyceryl sn glyceryl 1-(R)-[(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]thymine 143 uracil-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- galactosyl galactosyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl- benzyl-sn glyceryl sn glyceryl 1-(R)-[(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]uracil 144 2,6- 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- galactosyl galactosyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl- diaminopurin- benzyl-sn glyceryl sn glyceryl 9-(R)-[(2- 9-yl phosphonomethoxy)propyl]2,6- diaminopurine

TABLE 3 (S)-3-methoxy-2-phosphonmethoxypropyl [(S)-MPMP] diester compounds

Cmpd No. B_(Nuc)/B_(Nuc(a)) L/L^(a) R/R^(a) Name   145 guanin-9-yl octadecyloxyethyl benzyl benzyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(S)-[(3- methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]guanine 146 adenine-9-yl octadecyloxyethyl benzyl benzyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(S)-[(3- methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine 147 cytosine-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl benzyl benzyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(S)-[(3- methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine 148 thymin-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl benzyl benzyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(S)-[(3- methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]thymine 149 uracil-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl benzyl benzyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(S)-[(3- methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]uracil 150 2,6- octadecyloxyethyl benzyl benzyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(S)-[(3- diaminopurin- methoxy-2- 9-yl phosphonomethoxy)propyl]2,6- diaminopurine 151 guanin-9-yl hexadecyloxypropyl benzyl benzyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(S)-[(3- methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]guanine 152 adenine-9-yl hexadecyloxypropyl benzyl benzyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(S)-[(3- methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine 153 cytosine-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl benzyl benzyl hexadecyloxypropyl 1-(S)-[(3- methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine 154 thymin-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl benzyl benzyl hexadecyloxypropyl 1-(S)-[(3- methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]thymine 155 uracil-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl benzyl benzyl hexadecyloxypropyl 1-(S)-[(3- methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]uracil 156 2,6- hexadecyloxypropyl benzyl benzyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(S)-[(3- diaminopurin- methoxy-2- 9-yl phosphonomethoxy)propyl]2,6- diaminopurine 157 guanin-9-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- benzyl benzyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn benzyl-sn glyceryl glyceryl 9-(S)-[(3-methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]guanine 158 adenine-9-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- benzyl benzyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn benzyl-sn glyceryl glyceryl 9-(S)-[(3-methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine 159 cytosine-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- benzyl benzyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn benzyl-sn glyceryl glyceryl 1-(S)-[(3-methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine 160 thymin-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- benzyl benzyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn benzyl-sn glyceryl glyceryl 1-(S)-[(3-methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]thymine 161 uracil-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- benzyl benzyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn benzyl-sn glyceryl glyceryl 1-(S)-[(3-methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]uracil 162 2,6- 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- benzyl benzyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn diaminopurin- benzyl-sn glyceryl glyceryl 9-(S)-[(3-methoxy-2- 9-yl phosphonomethoxy)propyl]2,6- diaminopurine 163 guanin-9-yl octadecyloxyethyl phenyl phenyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(S)-[(3- methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]guanine 164 adenine-9-yl octadecyloxyethyl phenyl phenyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(S)-[(3- methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine 165 cytosine-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl phenyl phenyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(S)-[(3- methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine 166 thymin-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl phenyl phenyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(S)-[(3- methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]thymine 167 uracil-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl phenyl phenyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(S)-[(3- methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]uracil 168 2,6- octadecyloxyethyl phenyl phenyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(S)-[(3- diaminopurin- methoxy-2- 9-yl phosphonomethoxy)propyl]2,6- diaminopurine 169 guanin-9-yl hexadecyloxypropyl phenyl phenyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(S)-[(3- methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]guanine 170 adenine-9-yl hexadecyloxypropyl phenyl phenyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(S)-[(3- methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine 171 cytosine-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl phenyl phenyl hexadecyloxypropyl 1-(S)-[(3- methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine 172 thymin-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl phenyl phenyl hexadecyloxypropyl 1-(S)-[(3- methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]thymine 173 uracil-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl phenyl phenyl hexadecyloxypropyl 1-(S)-[(3- methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]uracil 174 2,6- hexadecyloxypropyl phenyl phenyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(S)-[(3- diaminopurin- methoxy-2- 9-yl phosphonomethoxy)propyl]2,6- diaminopurine 175 guanin-9-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- phenyl phenyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn benzyl-sn glyceryl glyceryl 9-(S)-[(3-methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]guanine 176 adenine-9-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- phenyl phenyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn benzyl-sn glyceryl glyceryl 9-(S)-[(3-methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine 177 cytosine-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- phenyl phenyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn benzyl-sn glyceryl glyceryl 1-(S)-[(3-methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine 178 thymin-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- phenyl phenyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn benzyl-sn glyceryl glyceryl 1-(S)-[(3-methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]thymine 179 uracil-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- phenyl phenyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn benzyl-sn glyceryl glyceryl 1-(S)-[(3-methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]uracil 180 2,6- 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- phenyl phenyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn diaminopurin- benzyl-sn glyceryl glyceryl 9-(S)-[(3-methoxy-2- 9-yl phosphonomethoxy)propyl]2,6- diaminopurine 181 guanin-9-yl octadecyloxyethyl ethyl ethyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(S)-[(3- methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]guanine 182 adenine-9-yl octadecyloxyethyl ethyl ethyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(S)-[(3- methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine 183 cytosine-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl ethyl ethyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(S)-[(3- methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine 184 thymin-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl ethyl ethyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(S)-[(3- methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]thymine 185 uracil-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl ethyl ethyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(S)-[(3- methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]uracil 186 2,6- octadecyloxyethyl ethyl ethyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(S)-[(3- diaminopurin- methoxy-2- 9-yl phosphonomethoxy)propyl]2,6- diaminopurine 187 guanin-9-yl hexadecyloxypropyl ethyl ethyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(S)-[(3- methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]guanine 188 adenine-9-yl hexadecyloxypropyl ethyl ethyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(S)-[(3- methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine 189 cytosine-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl ethyl ethyl hexadecyloxypropyl 1-(S)-[(3- methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine 190 thymin-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl ethyl ethyl hexadecyloxypropyl 1-(S)-[(3- methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]thymine 191 uracil-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl ethyl ethyl hexadecyloxypropyl 1-(S)-[(3- methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]uracil 192 2,6- hexadecyloxypropyl ethyl ethyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(S)-[(3- diaminopurin- methoxy-2- 9-yl phosphonomethoxy)propyl]2,6- diaminopurine 193 guanin-9-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- ethyl ethyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn benzyl-sn glyceryl glyceryl 9-(S)-[(3-methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]guanine 194 adenine-9-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- ethyl ethyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn benzyl-sn glyceryl glyceryl 9-(S)-[(3-methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine 195 cytosine-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- ethyl ethyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn benzyl-sn glyceryl glyceryl 1-(S)-[(3-methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine 196 thymin-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- ethyl ethyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn benzyl-sn glyceryl glyceryl 1-(S)-[(3-methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]thymine 197 uracil-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- ethyl ethyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn benzyl-sn glyceryl glyceryl 1-(S)-[(3-methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]uracil 198 2,6- 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- ethyl phenyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn diaminopurin- benzyl-sn glyceryl glyceryl 9-(S)-[(3-methoxy-2- 9-yl phosphonomethoxy)propyl]2,6- diaminopurine 199 guanin-9-yl octadecyloxyethyl galactosyl galactosyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(S)-[(3- methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]guanine 200 adenine-9-yl octadecyloxyethyl galactosyl galactosyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(S)-[(3- methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine 201 cytosine-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl galactosyl galactosyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(S)-[(3- methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine 202 thymin-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl galactosyl galactosyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(S)-[(3- methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]thymine 203 uracil-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl galactosyl galactosyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(S)-[(3- methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]uracil 204 2,6- octadecyloxyethyl galactosyl galactosyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(S)-[(3- diaminopurin- methoxy-2- 9-yl phosphonomethoxy)propyl]2,6- diaminopurine 205 guanin-9-yl hexadecyloxypropyl galactosyl galactosyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(S)- [(3-methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]guanine 206 adenine-9-yl hexadecyloxypropyl galactosyl galactosyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(S)- [(3-methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine 207 cytosine-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl galactosyl galactosyl hexadecyloxypropyl 1-(S)- (3-methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine 208 thymin-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl galactosyl galactosyl hexadecyloxypropyl 1-(S)- [(3-methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]thymine 209 uracil-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl galactosyl galactosyl hexadecyloxypropyl 1-(S)- [(3-methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]uracil 210 2,6- hexadecyloxypropyl galactosyl galactosyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(S)- diaminopurin- [(3-methoxy-2- 9-yl phosphonomethoxy)propyl]2,6- diaminopurine 211 guanin-9-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- galactosyl galactosyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl- benzyl-sn glyceryl sn glyceryl 9-(S)-[(3-methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]guanine 212 adenine-9-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- galactosyl galactosyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl- benzyl-sn glyceryl sn glyceryl 9-(S)-[(3-methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine 213 cytosine-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- galactosyl galactosyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl- benzyl-sn glyceryl sn glyceryl 1-(S)-[(3-methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine 214 thymin-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- galactosyl galactosyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl- benzyl-sn glyceryl sn glyceryl 1-(S)-[(3-methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]thymine 215 uracil-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- galactosyl galactosyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl- benzyl-sn glyceryl sn glyceryl 1-(S)-[(3-methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]uracil 216 2,6- 1-O-octadecyl-2-O- galactosyl galactosyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl- diaminopurin- benzyl-sn glyceryl sn glyceryl 9-(S)-[(3-methoxy-2- 9-yl phosphonomethoxy)propyl]2,6- diaminopurine

TABLE 4 (S)-3-hydroxy-2-phosphonomethoxypropyl [(S)-HPMP] diester compounds

Cmpd No. B_(nuc)/B_(Nac(a)) L/L^(a) R/R^(a) Name 217 guanin-9-yl octadecyloxyethyl benzyl benzyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(S)-[(3- hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]guanine 218 adenine-9-yl octadecyloxyethyl benzyl benzyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(S)-[(3- hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine 219 cytosine-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl benzyl benzyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(S)-[(3- hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine 220 thymin-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl benzyl benzyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(S)-[(3- hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]thymine 221 uracil-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl benzyl benzyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(S)-[3- hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]uracil 222 2,6-diaminopurin-9-yl octadecyloxyethyl benzyl benzyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(S)-[(3- hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]2,6- diaminopurine 223 guanin-9-yl hexadecyloxypropyl benzyl benzyl hexadecyloxypropyl-9-(S)-[(3- hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]guanine 224 adenine-9-yl hexadecyloxypropyl benzyl benzyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(S)-[(3- hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine 225 cytosine-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl benzyl benzyl hexadecyloxypropyl 1-(S)-[(3- hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine 226 thymin-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl benzyl benzyl hexadecyloxypropyl 1-(S)-[(3- hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]thymine 227 uracil-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl benzyl benzyl hexadecyloxypropyl 1-(S)-[(3- hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]uracil 228 2,6-diaminopurin-9-yl hexadecyloxypropyl benzyl benzyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(S)-[(3- hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]2,6- diaminopurine 229 guanin-9-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl benzyl benzyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl 9-(S)-[(3-hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]guanine 230 adenine-9-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl benzyl benzyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl 9-(S)-[(3-hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine 231 cytosine-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl benzyl benzyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl 1-(S)-[(3-hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine 232 thymin-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl benzyl benzyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl 1-(S)-[(3-hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]thymine 233 uracil-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl benzyl benzyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl 1-(S)-[(3-hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]uracil 234 2,6-diaminopurin-9-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl benzyl benzyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl 9-(S)-[(3-hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]2,6- diaminopurine 235 guanin-9-yl octadecyloxyethyl phenyl phenyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(S)-[(3- hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]guanine 236 adenine-9-yl octadecyloxyethyl phenyl phenyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(S)-[(3- hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine 237 cytosine-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl phenyl phenyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(S)-[(3- hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine 238 thymin-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl phenyl phenyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(S)-[(3- hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]thymine 239 uracil-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl phenyl phenyl octadecyloethyl 1-(S)-[(3- hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]uracil 240 2,6-diaminopurin-9-yl octadecyloxyethyl phenyl phenyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(S)-[(3- hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]2,6- diaminopurine 241 guanin-9-yl hexadecyloxypropyl phenyl phenyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(S)-[(3- hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]guanine 242 adenini-9-yl hexadecyloxypropyl phenyl phenyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(S)-[(3- hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine 243 cytosine-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl phenyl phenyl hexadecyloxypropyl 1-(S)-[(3- hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine 244 thymin-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl phenyl phenyl hexadecyloxypropyl 1-(S)-[(3- hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]thymine 245 uracil-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl phenyl phenyl hexadecyloxypropyl 1-(S)-[(3- hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]uracil 246 2,6-diaminopurin-9-yl hexadecyloxypropyl phenyl phenyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(S)-[(3- hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]2,6- diaminopurine 247 guanin-9-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl phenyl phenyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl 9-(S)-[(3-hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]guanine 248 adenine-9-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl phenyl phenyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl 9-(S)-[(3-hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine 249 cytosine-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl phenyl phenyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl 1-(S)-[(3-hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine 250 thymin-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl phenyl phenyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl 1-(S)-[(3-hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]thymine 251 uracil-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl phenyl phenyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl 1-(S)-[(3-hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]uracil 252 2,6-diaminopurin-9-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl phenyl phenyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl 9-(S)-[(3-hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]2,6- diaminopurine 253 guanin-9-yl octadecyloxyethyl ethyl ethyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(S)-[(3- hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]guanine 254 adenine-9-yl octadecyloxyethyl ethyl ethyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(S)-[(3- hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine 255 cytosine-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl ethyl ethyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(S)-[(3- hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine 256 thymin-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl ethyl ethyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(S)-[(3- hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]thymine 257 uracil-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl ethyl ethyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(S)-[(3- hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]uracil 258 2,6-diaminopurin-9-yl octadecyloethyl ethyl ethyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(S)-[(3- hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]2,6- diaminopurine 259 guanin-9-yl hexadecyloxypropyl ethyl ethyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(S)-[(3- hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]guanine 260 adenine-9-yl hexadecyloxypropyl ethyl ethyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(S)-[(3- hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine 261 cytosine-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl ethyl ethyl hexadecyloxypropyl 1-(S)-[(3- hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine 262 thymin-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl ethyl ethyl hexadecyloxypropyl 1-(S)-[(3- hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]thymine 263 uracil-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl ethyl ethyl hexadecyloxypropyl 1-(S)-[(3- hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]uracil 264 2,6-diaminopurin-9-yl hexadecyloxypropyl ethyl ethyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(S)-[(3- hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]2,6- diaminopurine 265 guanin-9-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl ethyl ethyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl 9-(S)-[(3-hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]guanine 266 adenine-9-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl ethyl ethyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl 9-(S)-[(3-hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine 267 cytosine-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl ethyl ethyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl 1-(S)-[(3-hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine 268 thymin-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl ethyl ethyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl 1-(S)-[(3-hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]thymine 269 uracil-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl ethyl ethyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl 1-(S)-[(3-hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]uracil 270 2,6-diaminopurin-9-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl ethyl phenyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl 9-(S)-[(3-hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]2,6- diaminopurine 271 guanin-9-yl octadecyloxyethyl galactosyl galactosyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(S)-[(3- hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]guanine 272 adenine-9-yl octadecyloethyl galactosyl galactosyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(S)-[(3- hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine 273 cytosine-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl galactosyl galactosyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(S)-[(3- hydrox-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine 274 thymin-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl galactosyl galactosyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(S)-[(3- hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]thymine 275 uracil-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl galactosyl galactosyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(S)-[(3- hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]uracil 276 2,6-diaminopurin-9-yl octadecyloxyethyl galactosyl galactosyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(S)-[(3- hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]2,6- diaminopurine 277 guanin-9-yl hexadecyloxypropyl galactosyl galactosyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(S)- [(3-hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]guanine 278 adenine-9-yl hexadecyloxypropyl galactosyl galactosyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(S)- [(3-hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine 279 cytosine-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl galactosyl galactosyl hexadecyloxypropyl 1-(S)- [(3-hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine 280 thymin-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl galactosyl galactosyl hexadecyloxypropyl 1-(S)- [(3-hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]thymine 281 uracil-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl galactosyl galactosyl hexadecyloxypropyl 1-(S)- [(3-hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]uracil 282 2,6-diaminopurin-9-yl hexadecyloxypropyl galactosyl galactosyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(S)- [(3-hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]2,6- diaminopurine 283 guanin-9-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl galactosyl galactosyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl- sn glyceryl 9-(S)-[(3-hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]guanine 284 adenine-9-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl galactosyl galactosyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl- sn glyceryl 9-(S)-[(3-hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine 285 cytosine 1-O-ctadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl galactosyl galactosyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl sn glyceryl 1-(S)-[(3-hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine 286 thymine-1-yl 1-O-ctadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl galactosyl galactosyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl sn glyceryl 1-(S)-[(3-hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)porpyl]thymine 287 uracil-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl galactosyl galactosyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl sn glyceryl 1-(S)-[(3-hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]uracil 288 2,6-diaminopurin-9-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl galactosyl galactosyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl sn glyceryl 9-(S)-[(3-hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]2,6- diaminopurine

TABLE 5 (S)-3-fluoro-2-phosphonomethoxypropyl [(S)-FPMP] diester compounds

Cmpd No. B_(Nuc)/B_(Nac(a)) L/L^(a) R/R^(a) Name 289 guanin-9-yl octadecyloxyethyl benzyl benzyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(S)-[(3- fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]guanine 290 adenine-9-yl octadecyloxyethyl benzyl benzyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(S)-[(3- fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine 291 cytosine-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl benzyl benzyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(S)-[(3- fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine 292 thymin-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl benzyl benzyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(S)-[(3- fluor -2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]thymine 293 uracil-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl benzyl benzyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(S)-[(3- fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]uracil 294 2,6-diaminopurin-9-yl octadecyloxyethyl benzyl benzyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(S)-[(3- lfuoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]2,6- diaminopurine 295 guanin-9-yl hexadecyloxypropyl benzyl benzyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(S)-[(3- fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]guanine 296 adenine-9-yl hexadecyloxypropyl benzyl benzyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(S)-[(3- fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine 297 cytosine-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl benzyl benzyl hexadecyloxypropyl 1-(S)-[(3- fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine 298 thymin-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl benzyl benzyl hexadecyloxypropyl 1-(S)-[(3- fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]thymine 299 uracil-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl benzyl benzyl hexadecyloxypropyl 1-(S)-[(3- fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]uracil 300 2,6-diaminopurin-9-yl hexadecyloxypropyl benzyl benzyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(S)-[(3- fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]2,6- diaminopurine 301 guanin-9-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl benzyl benzyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl 9-(S)-[(3-fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)porpyl]guanine 302 adenine-9-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl benzyl benzyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl 9-(S)-[(3-fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine 303 cytosine-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl benzyl benzyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl 1-(S)-[(3-fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine 304 thymin-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl benzyl benzyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl 1-(S)-[(3-fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]thymine 305 uracil-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl benzyl benzyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl 1-(S)-[(3-fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]uracil 306 2,6-diaminopurin-9-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl benzyl benzyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl 9-(S)-[(3-fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]2,6- diaminopurine 307 guanin-9-yl octadecyloxyethyl phenyl phenyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(S)-[(3- fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]guanine 308 adenine-3-yl octadecyloxyethyl phenyl phenyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(S)-[(3- fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine 309 cytosine-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl phenyl phenyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(S)-[(3- fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine 310 thymin-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl phenyl phenyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(S)-[(3- fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]thymine 311 uracil-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl phenyl phenyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(S)-[(3- fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]uracil 312 2,6-diaminopurin-9-yl octadecyloxyethyl phenyl phenyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(S)-[(3- fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]2,6- dimainopurine 313 guanin-9-yl hexadecyloxypropyl phenyl phenyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(S)-[(3- fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]guanine 314 adenine-9-yl hexadecyloxypropyl phenyl phenyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(S)-[(3- fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine 315 cytosine-1-yl hexadecyloxyporpyl phenyl phenyl hexadecyloxypropyl 1-(S)-[(3- fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine 316 thymin-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl phenyl phenyl hexadecyloxypropyl 1-(S)-[(3- fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]thymine 317 uracil-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl phenyl phenyl hexadecyloxypropyl 1-(S)-[(3- fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]uracil 318 2,6-diaminopurin-9-yl hexadecyloxypropyl phenyl phenyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(S)-[(3- fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]2,6- diaminopurine 319 guanin-9-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl phenyl phenyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl 9-(S)-[(3-fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]guanine 320 adenine-9-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl phenyl phenyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl 9-(S)-[(3-fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine 321 cytosine-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl phenyl phenyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl 1-(S)-[(3-fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine 322 thymin-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl phenyl phenyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl 1-(S)-[(3-fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]thymine 323 uracil-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl phenyl phenyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl 1-(S)-[(3-fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]uracil 324 2,6-diaminopurin-9-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl phenyl phenyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl 9-(S)-[(3-fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]2,6- diaminopurine 325 guanin-9-yl octadecyloxyethyl ethyl ethyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(S)-[(3- fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]guanine 326 adenine-9-yl octadecyloxyethyl ethyl ethyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(S)-[(3- fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine 327 cytosine-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl ethyl ethyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(S)-[(3- fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine 328 thymin-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl ethyl ethyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(S)-[(3- fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]thymine 329 uracil-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl ethyl ethyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(S)-[(3- fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]uracil 330 2,6-diaminopurin-9-yl octadecyloxyethyl ethyl ethyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(S)-[(3- fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]2,6- diaminopurine 331 guanin-9-yl hexadecyloxypropyl ethyl ethyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(S)-[(3- fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]guanine 332 adenine-9-yl hexadecyloxypropyl ethyl ethyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(S)-[(3- fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine 333 cytosine-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl ethyl ethyl hexadecyloxypropyl 1-(S)-[(3- fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine 334 thymin-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl ethyl ethyl hexadecyloxypropyl 1-(S)-[(3- fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]thymine 335 uracil-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl ethyl ethyl hexadecyloxypropyl 1-(S)-[(3- fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]uracil 336 2,6-diaminopurin-9-yl hexadecyloxypropyl ethyl ethyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(S)-[(3- fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]2,6- diaminopurine 337 guanin-9-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl ethyl ethyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl 9-(S)-[(3-fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]guanine 338 adenine-9-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl ethyl ethyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl 9-(S)-[(3-fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine 339 cytosine-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl ethyl ethyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl 1-(S)-[(3-fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine 340 thymin-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl ethyl ethyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl 1-(S)-[(3-fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]thymine 341 uracil-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl ethyl ethyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl 1-(S)-[(3-fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]uracil 342 2,6-diaminopurin-9-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl ethyl phenyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl 9-(S)-[(3-fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]2,6- diaminopurine 343 guanin-9-yl octadecyloxyethyl galactosyl galactosyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(S)-[(3- fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]guanine 344 adenine-9-yl octadecyloxyethyl galactosyl galactosyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(S)-[(3- fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine 345 cytosine-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl galactosyl galactosyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(S)-[(3- fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine 346 thymin-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl galactosyl galactosyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(S)-[(3- fluroo-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]thymine 347 uracil-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl galactosyl galactosyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(S)-[(3- fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]uracil 348 2,6-diaminopurin-9-yl octadecyloxyethyl galactosyl galactosyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(S)-[(3- fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]2,6- diaminopurine 349 guanin-9-yl hexadecyloxypropyl galactosyl galactosyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(S)- [(3-fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]guanine 350 adenine-9-yl hexadecyloxypropyl galactosyl galactosyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(S)-- [(3-fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine 351 cytosine-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl galactosyl galactosyl hexadecyloxypropyl 1-(S)- [(3-fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine 352 thymin-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl galactosyl galactosyl hexadecyloxypropyl 1-(S)- [(3-fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]thymine 353 uracil-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl galactosyl galactosyl hexadecyloxypropyl 1-(S)- [(3-fluoro-2 phosphomethoxy)propyl]uracil 354 2,6-diaminopurin-9-yl hexadecyloxypropyl galactosyl galactosyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(S)- [(3-fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]2,6- diaminopurine 355 guanin-9-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl galactosyl galactosyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl- sn glyceryl 9-(S)-[(3-fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]guanine 356 adenine-9-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl galactosyl galactosyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-beznyl- sn glyceryl 9-(S)-[(3-fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine 357 cytosine-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl galactosyl galactosyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl- sn glyceryl 1-(S)-[(3-fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine 358 thymin-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl galactosyl galactosyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-benzyl- sn glyceryl 1-(S)-[(3-fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]thymine 359 uracil-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl galactosyl galactosyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl- sn glyceryl 1-(S)-[(3-fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]uracil 360 2,6-diaminopurin-9-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl galactosyl galactosyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl- sn glyceryl 9-(S)-[(3-fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]2,6- diaminopurine

TABLE 6 Phosphonomethoxyethyl (PME) diester compounds

Cmpd No. B_(Nuc)/B_(Nuc(a)) L/L^(a) R/R^(a) Name 361 guanin-9-yl octadecyloxyethyl naphthyl naphthyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)guanine 362 adenine-9-yl octadecyloxyethyl naphthyl naphthyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)adenine 363 cytosine-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl naphthyl naphthyl octadecyloethyl 1-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)cytosine 364 thymin-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl naphthyl naphthyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)thymine 365 uracil-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl naphthyl naphthyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)uracil 366 2,6-diaminopurin-9-yl octadecyloxyethyl naphthyl naphthyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)-2,6- diaminopurine 367 guanin-9-yl hexadecyloxypropyl naphthyl naphthyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)guanine 368 adenine-9-yl hexadecyloxypropyl naphthyl naphthyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)adenine 369 cytosine-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl naphthyl naphthyl hexadecyloxypropyl 1-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)cytosine 370 thymin-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl naphthyl naphthyl hexadecyloxypropyl 1-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)thymine 371 uracil-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl naphthyl naphthyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)uracil 372 2,6-diaminopurin-9-yl hexadecyloxypropyl naphthyl naphthyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)-2,6- diaminopurine 373 guanin-9-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl naphthyl naphthyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl- sn glyceryl 9-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)guanine 374 adenine-9-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl naphthyl naphthyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl- sn glyceryl 9-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)adenine 375 cytosine-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl naphthyl naphthyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl- sn glyceryl 1-(2- phosphonomethoxyethyl)cytosine 376 thymin-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl naphthyl naphthyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl- sn glyceryl 1-(2-phosphonomethoxy- ethyl)thymine 377 uracil-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl naphthyl naphthyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl- sn glyceryl 9-(2-phosphonomethoxy- ethyl)uracil 378 2,6-diaminopurin-9-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl naphthyl naphthyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl- sn glyceryl 9-(2-phosphonomethoxy- ethyl)-2,6-diaminopurine

TABLE 7 (R)-phosphonomethoxypropyl [(R)-PMP] diester compounds

Cmpd No. B_(Nuc)/B_(Nac(a)) L/L^(a) R/R^(a) Name 379 guanin-9-yl octadecyloxyethyl naphthyl naphthyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(R)-[(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]guanine 380 adenine-9-yl octadecyloxyethyl naphthyl naphthyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(R)-[(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine 381 cytosine-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl naphthyl naphthyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(R)-[(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine 382 thymin-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl naphthyl naphthyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(R)-[(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]thymine 383 uracil-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl naphthyl naphthyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(R)-[(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]uracil 384 2,6-diaminopurin-9-yl octadecyloxyethyl naphthyl naphthyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(R)-[(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]2,6- diaminopurine 385 guanin-9-yl hexadecyloxypropyl naphthyl naphthyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(R)- [(2-phosphonomethoxy)propyl]guanine 386 adenine-9-yl hexadecyloxypropyl naphthyl naphthyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(R)- [(2-phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine 387 cytosine-1-yl hexadeycloxypropyl naphthyl naphthyl hexahydecyloxypropyl 1-(R)- [(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine 388 thymin-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl naphthyl naphthyl hexadecyloxypropyl 1-(R)- [(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]thymine 389 uracil-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl napthhyl naphthyl hexadecyloxypropyl 1-(R)- [(2-phosphonomethoxy)propyl]uracil 390 2,6-diaminopurin-9-yl hexadecyloxypropyl naphthyl naphthyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(R)- [(2-phosphonomethoxy)propyl]2,6- diaminopurine 391 guanin-9-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl naphthyl naphthyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl 9-(R)-[(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]guanine 392 adenine-9-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl naphthyl naphthyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl 9-(R)-[(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine 393 cytosine-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl naphthyl naphthyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl 1-(R)-[(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine 394 thymin-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl naphthyl naphthyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl 1-(R)-[(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]thymine 395 uracil-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl naphthyl naphthyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl 1-(R)-[(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]uracil 396 2,6-diaminopurin-9-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl naphthyl naphthyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl 9-(R)-[(2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]2,6- diaminopurine

TABLE 8 (S)-3-methoxy-2-phosphonmethoxypropyl [(S)-MPMP] diester compounds

Cmpd No. B_(Nuc)/B_(Nuc(a)) L/L^(a) R/R^(a) Name 397 guanin-9-yl octadecyloxyethyl naphthyl naphthyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(S)-[(3- methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]guanine 398 adenine-9-yl octadecyloxyethyl naphthyl naphthyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(S)-[(3- methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine 399 cytosine-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl naphthyl naphthyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(S)-[(3- methoxy-2- phosphonomethxy)propyl]cytosine 400 thymin-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl naphthyl naphthyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(S)-[(3- methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]thymine 401 uracil-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl naphthyl naphthyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(S)-[(3- methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]uracil 402 2,6-diaminopurin-9-yl octadecyloxyethyl naphthyl naphthyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(S)-[(3- methoxy-2- phosphonomnethoxy)propyl]2,6- diaminopurine 403 guanin-9-yl hexadecyloxypropyl naphthyl naphthyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(S)-[(3- methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]guanine 404 adenine-9-yl hexadecyloxypropyl naphthyl naphthyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(S)-[(3- methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine 405 cytosine-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl naphthyl naphthyl hexadecyloxypropyl 1-(S)-[(3- methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine 406 thymin-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl naphthyl naphthyl hexadecyloxypropyl 1-(S)-[(3- methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]thymine 407 uracil-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl naphthyl naphthyl hexadecyloxypropyl 1-(S)-[(3- methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]uracil 408 2,6-diaminopurin-9-yl hexadecyloxypropyl naphthyl naphthyl hexadecycloxypropyl 9-(S)-[(3- methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]2,6- diaminopurine 409 guanin-9-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl naphthyl naphthyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl 9-(S)-[(3-methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]guanine 410 adenine-9-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl naphthyl naphthyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl 9-(S)-[(3-methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine 411 cytosine-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl naphthyl naphthyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl 1-(S)-[(3-methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine 412 thymin-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl naphthyl naphthyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl 1-(S)-[(3-methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]thymine 413 uracil-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl naphthyl naphthyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl 1-(S)-[(3-methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]uracil 414 2,6-diaminopurin-9-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl naphthyl naphthyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl 9-(S)-[(3-methoxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]2,6- diaminopurine

TABLE 9 (S)-3-hydroxy-2-phosphonomethoxypropyl [(S)-HPMP] diester compounds

Cmpd No. B_(Nuc)/_(Nuc(a)) L/L^(a) R/R^(a) Name 415 guanin-9-yl octadecyloxyethyl naphthyl naphthyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(S)-[(3- hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]guanine 416 adenine-9-yl octadecyloxyethyl naphthyl naphthyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(S)-[(3- hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine 417 cytosine-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl naphthyl naphthyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(S)-[(3- hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine 418 thumin-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl naphthyl naphthyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(S)-[93- hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]thymine 419 uracil-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl naphthyl naphthyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(S)-[(3- hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]uracil 420 2,6-diaminopurin-9-yl octadecyloxyethyl naphthyl naphthyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(S)-[(3- hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]2,6- diaminopurine 421 guanin-9-yl hexadecyloxypropyl naphthyl naphthyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(S)-[(3- hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]guanine 422 adenine-9-yl hexadecyloxypropyl naphthyl naphthyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(S)-[(3- hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine 423 cytosine-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl naphthyl naphthyl hexadecyloxypropyl 1-(S)-[(3- hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine 424 thymin-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl naphthyl naphthyl hxadecyloxypropyl 1-(S)-[(3- hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]thymine 425 uracil-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl naphthyl naphthyl hexadecyloxypropyl 1-(S)-[(3- hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]uracil 426 2,6-diaminopurin-9-yl hexadecyloxypropyl naphthyl naphthyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(S)-[(3- hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]2,6- diaminopurine 427 guanin-9-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl naphthyl naphthyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl 9-(S)-[(3-hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]guanine 428 adenine-9-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl naphthyl naphthyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl 9-(S)-[(3-hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine 429 cytosine-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl naphthyl naphthyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl 1-(S)-[(3-hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine 430 thymin-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl naphthyl naphthyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl 1-(S)-[(3-hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]thymine 431 uracil-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl naphthyl naphthyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl 1-(S)-[(3-hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]uracil 432 2,6-diaminopurin-9-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl naphthyl naphthyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl 9-(S)-[(3-hydroxy-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]2,6- diaminopurine

TABLE 10 (S)-3-fluoro-2-phosphonomethoxypropyl [(S)-FPMP] diester compounds

Cmpd No. B_(Nuc)/B_(Nac(a)) L/L^(a) R/R^(a) Name 433 guanin-9-yl octadecyloxyethyl naphthyl naphthyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(S)-[(3- fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]guanine 434 adenine-9-yl octadecyloxyethyl naphthyl naphthyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(S)-[(3- fluoro-20 phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine 435 cytosine-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl naphthyl naphthyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(S)-[(3- fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine 436 thymin-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl naphthyl naphthyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(S)-[(3- fluor -2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]thymine 437 uracil-1-yl octadecyloxyethyl naphthyl naphthyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(S)-[(3- fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]2,6- diaminopurine 438 2,6-diaminopurin-9-yl octadecyloxyethyl naphthyl naphthyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(S)-[(3- fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl[2,6- diaminopurine 439 guanin-9-yl hexadecyloxypropyl naphthyl naphthyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(S)-[(3- fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]guanine 440 adenine-9-yl hexadecyloxypropyl naphthyl naphthyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(S)-[(3- fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine 441 cytosine-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl naphthyl naphthyl hexadecyloxypropyl 1-(S)-[(3- fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine 442 thymin-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl naphthyl naphthyl hexadecyloxpropyl 1-(S)-[(3- fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]thymine 443 uracil-1-yl hexadecyloxypropyl naphthyl naphthyl hexadecyloxypropyl 1-(S)-[3- fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]uracil 444 2,6-diaminopurin-9-yl hexadecyloxypropyl naphthyl naphthyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(S)-[(3- fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]2,6- diaminopurine 445 guanin-9-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl naphthyl naphthyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl 9-(S)-[(3-fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]guanine 446 adenine-9-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl naphthyl naphthyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl 9-(S)-[(3-fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine 447 cytosine-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl naphthyl naphthyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl 1-(S)-[(3-fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine 448 thymin-1-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl naphthyl naphthyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl 1-(S)-[(3-fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]thymine 449 uracil-1-yl 1-O-olctadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl naphthyl naphthyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl 1-(S)-[(3-fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]uracil 450 2,6-diaminopurin-9-yl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn glyceryl naphthyl naphthyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benyzl-sn glyceryl 9-(S)-[(3-fluoro-2- phosphonomethoxy)propyl]2,6- diaminopurine

Specific compounds contemplated herein include:

III. Methods of Use

In another aspect, there is provided a method for treating a viral disease in a subject. The method includes administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound with structure of any of Formulae (I), (I-1), (I-2), (I-3), (I-4), (I-5) and/or (Ia). In embodiments, L/L^(a) of any of Formulae (I), (I-1), (I-2), (I-3), (I-4), (I-5) and/or (Ia) is a lipophilic promoiety.

Exemplary viral diseases include human papilloma virus, HIV, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, variola virus (smallpox), vaccinia virus, adenovirus, cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex viruses, Epstein Barr virus, BK virus, JC virus, any double stranded DNA virus, feline leukemia virus, feline immunodeficiency virus, and the like. A therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) can be administered to a human or mammal in need of treatment of a viral disease.

In embodiments, the compound is administered by a route (topical, intravitreal, oral, intravenous etc.) which results in delivery of an amount sufficient to inhibit replication of the virus. In embodiments, the compound can be administered topically. For example, the compound can be administered topically in the form of a cream, a gel or an ointment

In another aspect, there is provided a method for treating a disease or disorder in a subject in need thereof, the method including administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound with structure of any of Formulae (I), (I-1), (I-2), (I-3), (I-4), (I-5) and/or (Ia). Aspects for the treatment of cancer and other neoplastic disorders contemplated herein are based on the surprising discovery that compounds of Formulae (I) and/or (Ia) are effective in killing or inhibiting growth of cells that are transformed by human papillomavirus (HPV), for example cervical cancer cells and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) lesions. Accordingly, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (I-1), (I-2), (I-3), (I-4), (I-5) and/or (Ia) can be administered by an appropriate route (topical, orally, intravenous etc.) to kill or inhibit growth of infected/transformed cells. Cells that are transformed by other types of viruses, such as herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2), also may be treated with a compound of Formula (I), (I-1), (I-2), (I-3), (I-4), (I-5) and/or (Ia).

In another aspect, there is provided a method for treating cancer in a subject. The method includes administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound with the structure of any of Formulae (I), (I-1), (I-2), (I-3), (I-4), (I-5) and/or (Ia). In embodiments, L/L^(a) of any of Formulae (I), (I-1), (I-2), (I-3), (I-4), (I-5) and/or (Ia) is a lipophilic promoiety.

In embodiments, the cancer is leukemia, carcinoma and/or sarcoma, such as cancer of the brain, breast, cervix, colon, pancreas, head and neck, liver, kidney, lung, non-small cell lung, prostate, melanoma, mesothelioma, ovary, sarcoma, stomach, uterus and/or medulloblastoma. Additional examples include, Hodgkin's Disease, Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma, multiple myeloma, neuroblastoma, ovarian cancer, rhabdomyosarcoma, primary thrombocytosis, primary macroglobulinemia, primary brain tumors, malignant pancreatic insulinoma, malignant carcinoid, urinary bladder cancer, premalignant skin lesions, testicular cancer, lymphomas, thyroid cancer, neuroblastoma, esophageal cancer, genitourinary tract cancer, malignant hypercalcemia, endometrial cancer, adrenal cortical cancer, and neoplasms of the endocrine and exocrine pancreas. In embodiments, the cancer is liver cancer, colon cancer, breast cancer, melanoma, acute myelogenous leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, and/or non-small-cell lung cancer.

In another aspect, there is provided a method for treating a proliferative disorder in a subject. The method includes administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound with the structure of any of Formulae (I), (I-1), (I-2), (I-3), (I-4), (I-5) and/or (Ia). The proliferative disorder may be caused by the human papilloma virus. Exemplary proliferative disorders include, e.g., cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN), anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN), or penile and venereal warts. In embodiments, L/L^(a) of any of Formulae (I), (I-1), (I-2), (I-3), (I-4), (I-5) and/or (Ia) is a lipophilic promoiety.

In another aspect, there is provided a method for killing or inhibiting the growth of a transformed cell. The method includes contacting a transformed cell with a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of any one of Formulae (I), (I-1), (I-2), (I-3), (I-4), (I-5) and/or (Ia).

In another aspect, there is provided a compound of Formula (Ia) or embodiment thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate or crystalline form thereof, for use in treating a viral disease in a subject, wherein the viral disease can be selected from human papilloma virus (HPV), HIV, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, variola virus, vaccinia virus, an adenovirus, a cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus 1, herpes simplex virus 2, Epstein Barr virus, BK virus, JC virus, feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus.

In embodiments, the virus can be human papilloma virus. According to the CDC, HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI). HPV viruses can be classified into mucosal and cutaneous HPVs. Within each of these groups, the individual viruses are designated high risk or low risk. More than 40 types of HPV's can infect the genital areas of women and men, and several HPV types can infect the mouth and throat. Additionally, HPV is the most common cause of cervical cancer. Type 16 is one of the most prominent strains of HPV and can cause cervical cancer. Other types of HPVs include, but are not limited to, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 63, 66, 68, 69 and 82. In embodiments, the use is for treating a plurality of types of human papilloma virus, for example, types described herein. In embodiments, the use is for more than 2 types of HPV, more than 5 types of HPV or more than 10 types of HPV. In embodiments, the human papilloma virus can be selected from human papilloma virus type 11, type 16 and type 18.

In another aspect, there is provided use of a compound of Formula (Ia) or embodiment thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate or crystalline form thereof, in the preparation of a medicament for treating a viral disease in a subject, wherein the viral disease can be selected from human papilloma virus, HIV, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, variola virus, vaccinia virus, an adenovirus, a cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus 1, herpes simplex virus 2, Epstein Barr virus, BK virus, JC virus, feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus.

In embodiments, the virus can be human papilloma virus. In embodiments, the use is for treating a plurality of types of human papilloma virus, for example, types described herein. In embodiments, the use is for more than 2 types of HPV, more than 5 types of HPV or more than 10 types of HPV. In embodiments, the human papilloma virus can be selected from human papilloma virus type 11, type 16 and type 18.

In another aspect, there is provided a method of treating a subject having a viral disease. The method include administering to the subject having a viral disease in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of Formula (Ia) or embodiment thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate or crystalline form thereof, wherein the viral disease can be selected from human papilloma virus, HIV, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, variola virus, vaccinia virus, an adenovirus, a cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus 1, herpes simplex virus 2, Epstein Barr virus, BK virus, JC virus, feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus, thereby treating the viral disease.

In another aspect, there is provided a compound of Formula (Ia) or embodiment thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate or crystalline form thereof, for use in treating cancer of the cervix in a subject. In some embodiments, the cancer of the cervix can be caused by a HPV infection, for example, a HPV infection of type 16.

In another aspect, there is provided use of a compound of Formula (Ia) or embodiment thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate or crystalline form thereof, in the preparation of a medicament for treating cancer of the cervix in a subject. In some embodiments, the cancer of the cervix can be caused by a HPV infection, for example, a HPV infection of type 16.

In another aspect, there is provided a method of treating a subject having cancer of the cervix. The method includes administering an effective amount of a compound of Formula (Ia) or embodiment thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate or crystalline form thereof, to a subject having cancer of the cervix in need thereof, thereby treating the subject having cancer of the cervix. In some embodiments, the cancer of the cervix can be caused by a HPV infection, for example, a HPV infection of type 16.

In another aspect, there is provided a compound of Formula (Ia) or embodiment thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate or crystalline form thereof, for use in inhibiting growth of a cell transformed by a virus, wherein the virus can be selected from human papilloma virus, HIV, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, variola virus, vaccinia virus, an adenovirus, a cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus 1, herpes simplex virus 2, Epstein Barr virus, BK virus, JC virus, feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus.

In another aspect, there is provided use of a compound of Formula (Ia) or embodiment thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate or crystalline form thereof, in the preparation of a medicament for inhibiting growth of a cell transformed by a virus, wherein the virus can be selected from human papilloma virus, HIV, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, variola virus, vaccinia virus, an adenovirus, a cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus 1, herpes simplex virus 2, Epstein Barr virus, BK virus, JC virus, feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus.

In another aspect, there is provided a method of inhibiting growth of a cell transformed by a virus. The method includes contacting a compound of Formula (Ia) or embodiment thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate or crystalline form thereof, with a cell transformed by a virus, wherein the virus can be selected from human papilloma virus, HIV, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, variola virus, vaccinia virus, an adenovirus, a cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus 1, herpes simplex virus 2, Epstein Barr virus, BK virus, JC virus, feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus, thereby inhibiting growth of the cell transformed by a virus.

IV. Methods of Synthesis

In another aspect, there is provided a method for synthesis of compounds of Formula (I), as depicted in Scheme 1 following. For Scheme 1, substituents B_(Nuc), X, R and L are as described for Formula (I) herein.

In another aspect, there is provided a method for synthesis of compounds of Formula (Ia), as depicted in Scheme 1a following. For Scheme 1a, substituents B_(Nuc(a)), X^(a), R^(a) and L^(a) are as described for Formula (Ia) herein.

The method includes reacting a suitably substituted ANP monoester with R—OH or R^(a)—OH in the presence of a coupling agent such as (benzotriazol-1-yloxy)-tripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate (PYBOP®) to give a diester. Methods for preparing the ANP monoesters are well known. For examples, see Beadle, J. R et al. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 2006, 49:2010-2015, and Valiaeva, N. et al. Antiviral Research, 2006, 72:10-19. The use of PYBOP® for synthesis of phosphonate diesters was first described in Campagne, J-M. et al. Tetrahedron Letters, 1993, 34:6743-6744. Other coupling/condensation reagents, for example uronium, carbodiimide, imidazolium and acid chloride reagents, may also be used (for a review of coupling agents see, e.g., El-Faham, A. & Albericio, F. Chemical Reviews, 2011, 111:6557-6602).

In another aspect, there is provided a method for synthesis of compounds of Formula (I). The method includes the steps provided in Scheme 2 following:

In the method of Scheme 2, B_(Nuc) is a naturally occurring purine or pyrimidine base, or analog thereof; L is a lipophilic promoiety, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, or O-substituted glyceryl having the formula —CH₂CH(OR¹)—CH₂(OR²) (II), wherein R¹ and R² are independently substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or substituted or unsubstituted aryl; R is substituted or unsubstituted lower alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted lower heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted lower cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted lower heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted lower heteroaryl; X is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted lower alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted lower heteroalkyl; and Y is a leaving group.

The method includes: 1) contacting a protected nucleoside B_(Nuc) with structure of Formula (2-1) with an ester with structure of Formula (2-2) in the presence of a strong base under conditions suitable to afford a monoester with structure of Formula (2-3); and 2) reacting the monoester so formed with structure of Formula (2-3) with L-OH in the presence of a coupling agent as known in the art, thereby synthesizing a compound with structure of Formula

In another aspect, there is provided a method for synthesis of compounds of Formula (Ia). The method includes the following as provided in Scheme 2a. For Scheme 2a, substituents B_(Nuc(a)), X^(a), R^(a) and L^(a) are as described for Formula (Ia) herein, and Y^(a) can be a leaving group.

The method includes: 1) contacting a protected nucleoside B_(Nuc(a)) with structure of Formula (2-1a) with an ester with structure of Formula (2-2a) in the presence of a strong base under conditions suitable to afford a monoester with structure of Formula (2-3a); and 2) reacting the monoester so formed with structure of Formula (2-3a) with L^(a)-OH in the presence of a coupling agent as known in the art, thereby synthesizing a compound with structure of Formula (Ia).

In embodiments, the method includes the steps provided in Scheme 2-1 following, specifically, contacting a suitably protected nucleoside (general structure 2-1 where B_(Nuc) is a naturally occurring or modified purine or pyrimidine base, with an ester of general structure 2-2 (where Y is a leaving group such as p-toluenesulfonyl, methanesulfonyl, trifluoromethanesulfonyl, bromo, iodo, or the like) in the presence of a strong base and suitable solvent to yield ANP monoesters of Formula 2-3, and secondly, reacting ANP monoester 2-3 with L-OH (i.e., hydroxy form of L) in the presence of a coupling agent such as PYBOP® to give a diester of Formula (I).

In another aspect, there is provided method for synthesis of a compound with structure of Formula (I) according to Scheme 2-1. B_(Nuc), X, R and L are as described for Formula (I) herein, and Y can be a leaving group; said method comprising: contacting a compound of Formula (2-1) that has a protected B_(Nuc) with a compound of Formula (2-2) in the presence of a strong base to form a compound of Formula (2-3); and reacting the compound of Formula (2-3) with L-OH in the presence of a coupling agent to form the compound of Formula (I).

In another aspect, there is provided method for synthesis of a compound with structure of Formula (Ia) according to Scheme 2-1a. For this method, B_(Nuc(a)) can be a naturally occurring purine, a naturally occurring pyrimidine, a non-naturally occurring purine or a non-naturally occurring pyrimidine; L^(a) can be an unsubstituted C₁₂₋₂₄ alkyl, an unsubstituted C₁₃₋₂₉ heteroalkyl or a substituted glyceryl moiety, wherein the glyceryl moiety can be substituted with one or more groups selected from an unsubstituted C₁₃₋₂₉ alkyl, an unsubstituted C₁₃₋₂₉ heteroalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl), a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl) and a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl(C₁₋₆ alkyl); le can be selected from an unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl), a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl) and a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl(C₁₋₆ alkyl); X^(a) can be hydrogen, an unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, a halogen substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, a hydroxy substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl or an unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy; and Y^(a) can be a leaving group; said method comprising: contacting a compound of Formula (2-1a) that has a protected B_(Nuc(a)) with a compound of Formula (2-2a) in the presence of a strong base to form a compound of Formula (2-3a); and reacting the compound of Formula (2-3a) with L^(a)-OH in the presence of a coupling agent to form the compound of Formula (Ia).

In another aspect, there is provided a method for synthesizing a compound of Formula (I) as described in Scheme 3 following. For Scheme 3, substituents B_(Nuc), X, R and L are as described for Formula (I) herein.

The method includes contacting a suitably protected nucleoside (general structure 3-1 where B_(Nuc) is a naturally occurring or modified purine or pyrimidine base), with a diester of general structure 3-2 (where Y is a leaving group such as p-toluenesulfonyl, methanesulfonyl, trifluoromethanesulfonyl, bromo, iodo, or the like.) in the presence of a strong base and suitable solvent to yield a compound of Formula (I).

In another aspect, there is provided a method for synthesizing a compound of Formula (Ia) as described in Scheme 3a. For Scheme 3a, substituents B_(Nuc(a)), X^(a), R^(a) and L^(a) are as described for Formula (Ia) herein, and Y^(a) is a leaving group.

The method includes contacting a suitably protected nucleoside (3-1a), with a diester 3-2 (where Y^(a) is a leaving group such as p-toluenesulfonyl, methanesulfonyl, trifluoromethanesulfonyl, bromo, iodo, or the like) in the presence of a strong base and suitable solvent to yield a compound of Formula (Ia).

V. Pharmaceutical Compositions

In another aspect, there is provided a pharmaceutical compositions including a compound of Formula (I) and/or a compound of Formula (Ia) in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient (e.g., carrier).

The terms “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier,” “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” and the like as used herein refer to pharmaceutical excipients, for example, pharmaceutically, physiologically, acceptable organic or inorganic carrier substances suitable for enteral or parenteral application that do not deleteriously react with the active agent. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include water, salt solutions (such as Ringer's solution), alcohols, oils, gelatins, and carbohydrates such as lactose, amylose or starch, fatty acid esters, hydroxymethylcellulose, and polyvinyl pyrrolidine. Such preparations can be sterilized and, if desired, mixed with auxiliary agents such as lubricants, preservatives, stabilizers, wetting agents, emulsifiers, salts for influencing osmotic pressure, buffers, coloring, and/or aromatic substances and the like that do not deleteriously react with the compounds described herein.

The compounds described herein can be administered alone or can be coadministered to the subject. Coadministration is meant to include simultaneous or sequential administration of the compounds individually or in combination (more than one compound). The preparations can also be combined, when desired, with other active substances (e.g., to reduce metabolic degradation).

A. Formulations

The compounds described herein can be prepared and administered in a wide variety of oral, parenteral, and topical dosage forms. Thus, the compounds described herein can be administered by injection (e.g. intravenously, intramuscularly, intracutaneously, subcutaneously, intraduodenally, or intraperitoneally). Also, the compounds described herein can be administered by inhalation, for example, intranasally. Additionally, the compounds described herein can be administered transdermally. It is also envisioned that multiple routes of administration (e.g., intramuscular, oral, transdermal) can be used to administer the compounds described herein. Accordingly, pharmaceutical compositions comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient and one or more compounds are contemplated.

For preparing pharmaceutical compositions, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers can be either solid or liquid. Solid form preparations include powders, tablets, pills, capsules, cachets, suppositories, and dispersible granules. A solid carrier can be one or more substances that may also act as diluents, flavoring agents, binders, preservatives, tablet disintegrating agents, or an encapsulating material.

In powders, the carrier is a finely divided solid in a mixture with the finely divided active component. In tablets, the active component is mixed with the carrier having the necessary binding properties in suitable proportions and compacted in the shape and size desired.

The powders and tablets preferably contain from 5% to 70% of the active compound. Suitable carriers are magnesium carbonate, magnesium stearate, talc, sugar, lactose, pectin, dextrin, starch, gelatin, tragacanth, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, a low melting wax, cocoa butter, and the like. The term “preparation” is intended to include the formulation of the active compound with encapsulating material as a carrier providing a capsule in which the active component with or without other carriers, is surrounded by a carrier, which is thus in association with it. Similarly, cachets and lozenges are included. Tablets, powders, capsules, pills, cachets, and lozenges can be used as solid dosage forms suitable for oral administration.

For preparing suppositories, a low melting wax, such as a mixture of fatty acid glycerides or cocoa butter, is first melted and the active component is dispersed homogeneously therein, as by stirring. The molten homogeneous mixture is then poured into convenient sized molds, allowed to cool, and thereby to solidify.

Liquid form preparations include solutions, suspensions, and emulsions, for example, water or water/propylene glycol solutions. For parenteral injection, liquid preparations can be formulated in solution in aqueous polyethylene glycol solution.

When parenteral application is needed or desired, particularly suitable admixtures are injectable, sterile solutions, preferably oily or aqueous solutions, as well as suspensions, emulsions, or implants, including suppositories. In particular, carriers for parenteral administration include aqueous solutions of dextrose, cyclodextrins, saline, pure water, ethanol, glycerol, propylene glycol, peanut oil, sesame oil, polyoxyethylene-block polymers, and the like. Ampoules are convenient unit dosages. The compounds described herein can also be incorporated into liposomes or administered via transdermal pumps or patches. Pharmaceutical admixtures suitable for use include those described, for example, in PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES (17th Ed., Mack Pub. Co., Easton, Pa.) and WO 96/05309, the teachings of both of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

Aqueous solutions suitable for oral use can be prepared by dissolving the active component in water and adding suitable colorants, flavors, stabilizers, and/or thickening agents as desired. Aqueous suspensions suitable for oral use can be made by dispersing the finely divided active component in water with viscous material, such as natural or synthetic gums, resins, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and other well-known suspending agents.

Also included are solid form preparations that are intended to be converted, shortly before use, to liquid form preparations for oral administration. Such liquid forms include solutions, suspensions, and emulsions. These preparations may contain, in addition to the active component, colorants, flavors, stabilizers, buffers, artificial and natural sweeteners, dispersants, thickeners, solubilizing agents, and the like.

The pharmaceutical preparation is preferably in unit dosage form. In such form the preparation is subdivided into unit doses containing appropriate quantities of the active component. The unit dosage form can be a packaged preparation, the package containing discrete quantities of preparation, such as packeted tablets, capsules, and powders in vials or ampoules. Also, the unit dosage form can be a capsule, tablet, cachet, or lozenge itself, or it can be the appropriate number of any of these in packaged form. In embodiments, the unit dosage form can be in the form of an applicator pre-filled with a pharmaceutical composition described herein (for example, a pharmaceutical composition that contains an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) and/or a compound of Formula (Ia)). In embodiments, the pre-filled applicator can be filled with a pharmaceutical composition in the form of a cream, a gel or an ointment that contains a compound described herein (for example, a compound of Formula (I) and/or a compound of Formula (Ia)).

The quantity of active component in a unit dose preparation may be varied or adjusted from 0.1 mg to 10000 mg, more typically 1.0 mg to 1000 mg, most typically 10 mg to 500 mg, according to the particular application and the potency of the active component. The composition can, if desired, also contain other compatible therapeutic agents.

Some compounds may have limited solubility in water and therefore may require a surfactant or other appropriate co-solvent in the composition. Such co-solvents include: Polysorbate 20, 60, and 80; PLURONIC® F-68, F-84, and P-103; cyclodextrin; and polyoxyl 35 castor oil. Such co-solvents are typically employed at a level between about 0.01% and about 2% by weight.

Viscosity greater than that of simple aqueous solutions may be desirable to decrease variability in dispensing the formulations, to decrease physical separation of components of a suspension or emulsion of formulation, and/or otherwise to improve the formulation. Such viscosity building agents include, for example, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, methyl cellulose, hydroxy propyl methylcellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxy propyl cellulose, chondroitin sulfate and salts thereof, hyaluronic acid and salts thereof, and combinations of the foregoing. Such agents are typically employed at a level between about 0.01% and about 2% by weight.

The compositions may additionally include components to provide sustained release and/or comfort. Such components include high molecular weight, anionic mucomimetic polymers, gelling polysaccharides, and finely-divided drug carrier substrates. These components are discussed in greater detail in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,911,920; 5,403,841; 5,212,162; and 4,861,760. The entire contents of these patents are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety for all purposes.

B. Effective Dosages

Pharmaceutical compositions include compositions wherein the active ingredient is contained in a therapeutically effective amount, i.e., in an amount effective to achieve its intended purpose. The actual amount effective for a particular application will depend, inter alia, on the condition being treated. For example, when administered in methods to treat cancer, such compositions will contain an amount of active ingredient effective to achieve the desired result (e.g., decreasing the number of cancer cells in a subject).

The dosage and frequency (single or multiple doses) of compound administered can vary depending upon a variety of factors, including route of administration; size, age, sex, health, body weight, body mass index, and diet of the recipient; nature and extent of symptoms of the disease being treated; presence of other diseases or other health-related problems; kind of concurrent treatment; and complications from any disease or treatment regimen. Other therapeutic regimens or agents can be used in conjunction with the methods and compounds described herein.

For any compound described herein, the therapeutically effective amount can be initially determined from cell culture assays. Therapeutically effective amounts for use in humans may subsequently be estimated from animal models using conventional techniques that are confirmed or refined in actual clinical trials.

Dosages may be varied depending upon the requirements of the patient and the compound being employed. The dose administered to a patient should be sufficient to effect a beneficial therapeutic response in the patient over time. The size of the dose also will be determined by the existence, nature, and extent of any adverse side effects. Generally, treatment is initiated with smaller dosages, which are less than the optimum dose of the compound. Thereafter, the dosage is increased by small increments until the optimum effect under circumstances is reached. In one embodiment, the dosage range is 0.001% to 10% w/v. In another embodiment, the dosage range is 0.1% to 5% w/v.

Dosage amounts and intervals can be adjusted individually to provide levels of the administered compound effective for the particular clinical indication being treated. This will provide a therapeutic regimen that is commensurate with the severity of the individual's disease state.

Utilizing the teachings provided herein, an effective prophylactic or therapeutic treatment regimen can be planned that does not cause substantial toxicity and yet is entirely effective to treat the clinical symptoms demonstrated by the particular patient. This planning should involve the careful choice of active compound by considering factors such as compound potency, relative bioavailability, patient body weight, presence and severity of adverse side effects, preferred mode of administration, and the toxicity profile of the selected agent.

C. Toxicity

The ratio between toxicity and therapeutic effect for a particular compound is its therapeutic index and can be expressed as the ratio between LD₅₀ (the amount of compound lethal in 50% of the population) and ED₅₀ (the amount of compound effective in 50% of the population). Compounds that exhibit high therapeutic indices are preferred. Therapeutic index data obtained from cell culture assays and/or animal studies can be used in formulating a range of dosages for use in humans. The dosage of such compounds preferably lies within a range of plasma concentrations that include the ED₅₀ with little or no toxicity. The dosage may vary within this range depending upon the dosage form employed and the route of administration utilized. See, e.g. Fingl et al., In: THE PHARMACOLOGICAL BASIS OF THERAPEUTICS, Ch. 1, p. 1, 1975. The exact formulation, route of administration, and dosage can be chosen by the individual physician in view of the patient's condition and the particular method in which the compound is used.

VI. Examples General Chemistry Methods

All reagents were of commercial quality and used without further purification unless indicated otherwise. Chromatographic purification was done using the flash method with silica gel 60 (EMD Chemicals, Inc., 230-400 mesh). ¹H NMR spectra were recorded on a Varian HG spectrophotometer operating at 400 MHz and are reported in units of parts per million (ppm) relative to internal tetramethylsilane at 0.00 ppm. Routine electrospray ionization mass spectra (ESI-MS) were recorded on a Finnigan LCQ DECA spectrometer, and high resolution mass spectra (HRMS) were recorded on an Agilent 6230 Accurate-Mass TOFMS mass spectrometer in ESI negative mode. Purity of the target compounds was characterized by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a Beckman Coulter SYSTEM GOLD® chromatography system. The analytical column was PHENOMENEX® SYNERGI™ Polar-RP (4.6×150 mm) equipped with a SECURITYGUARD™ protection column. Mobile phase A was 95% water/5% methanol and mobile phase B was 95% methanol/5% water. At a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min, isocratic elution was used. Compounds were detected by ultraviolet light (UV) absorption at 274 nm. Homogeneity of the target compounds was also confirmed by thin layer chromatography (TLC) using Analtech silica gel-GF (250 μm) plates and the solvent system: CHCl₃/MeOH/con NH₄OH/H₂O (70:30:3:3 v/v). TLC results were visualized with UV light, phospray (SUPELCO®, Bellefonte, Pa., USA) and charring at 400° C.

Example 1 Preparation of benzyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy) ethyl]guanine, 1-(Rp,Sp) (Cmpd 1, Bn-ODE-PMEG)

To a solution of octadecyloxyethyl 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]guanine (ODE-PMEG) [prepared according to: Valiaeva, N. et al.; Antiviral Research, 2006, 72:10-19] (0.21 g, 0.35 mmol), (benzotriazol-1-yloxy)-tripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate (PYBOP®, 0.27 g, 0.525 mmol) and anhydrous benzyl alcohol (0.05 ml, 0.525 mmol) in dry N,N-DMF, diisopropylethylamine (DIEA, 0.24 ml, 1.4 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. The solvents were evaporated in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (50 ml) and extracted with saturated sodium bicarbonate (2×10 ml). The ethyl acetate layer was evaporated, and then the residue was adsorbed on silica gel and purified by flash column chromatography. Elution with CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (0-5%) gave 0.15 g (62%) of Cmpd 1 as a white powder. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃/methanol-d₄) δ 7.56 (s, 1H); 7.35-7.40 (m, 5H); 5.08 (dd, J=9 Hz, J1=2 Hz, 2H); 4.19 (t, J=7 Hz, 2H); 4.09-4.17 (m, 2H); 3.87 (t, J=5 Hz, 2H), 3.85 (dd, J=8 Hz, J1=2 Hz, 2H); 3.57 (t, J=5 Hz, 2H); 3.44 (t, J=7 Hz, 2H); 1.50-1.60 (m, 2H); 1.20-1.38 (m, 30H); 0.89 (t, J=7 Hz, 3H). MS (EI): 676.34 (M+H)⁺, 698.41 (M+Na)⁺.

Example 2 Resolution of benzyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy) ethyl]guanine P-chiral enantiomers

Bn-ODE-PMEG of Example 1 was obtained as a mixture of enantiomers because of the chirality at phosphorus. The enantiomers were separated on a Lux™ Cellulose-1 column (Phenomenex®, Torrance, Calif. USA) using reverse phase conditions (mobile phase of 50:50:0.1 20 mM AmmAc:AcN:TFA). The absolute stereochemistry of the P-chiral enantiomers was not determined. The preparative chromatographic resolution of the material obtained in Example 1 provided two enantiomers that are characterized as 1a (fast eluting enantiomer) and 1b (slow eluting enantiomer). An example chromatogram is provided in the FIGURE.

In the following examples, preparation of the racemic mixture is described, however, the method of Example 2, or modifications thereof known in the art, can be used to resolve each into optically active enantiomers or diastereomers as needed.

Example 3 Preparation of benzyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy) ethyl]adenine (Cmpd 2, Bn-ODE-PMEA)

To a solution of octadecyloxyethyl 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]adenine (ODE PMEA) [prepared according to: Valiaeva, N. et al. Antiviral Research 2006, 72:10-19] (0.2 g, 0.35 mmol), (benzotriazol-1-yloxy)-tripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate (PYBOP®, 0.27 g, 0.525 mmol), anhydrous benzyl alcohol (0.05 ml, 0.525 mmol) in dry N,N-DMF, diisopropylethylamine (DIEA, 0.24 ml, 1.4 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. The solvents were evaporated. The residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (50 ml) and washed with a saturated solution of sodium bicarbonate (2×10 ml). The ethyl acetate layer was evaporated, and then the residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (0-5%) to give 0.12 g (50%) of compound 2. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃/methanol-d₄) δ 8.25 (s, 1H); 7.99 (s, 1H); 7.30-7.40 (m, 5H); 5.07 (dd, J=9 Hz, J1=2 Hz, 2H); 4.38 (t, J=7 Hz, 2H); 4.08-4.18 (m, 2H); 3.88 (t, J=5 Hz, 2H), 3.83 (dd, J=8 Hz, J1=2 Hz, 2H); 3.56 (t, J=5 Hz, 2H); 3.42 (t, J=7 Hz, 2H); 1.50-1.60 (m, 2H); 1.20-1.38 (m, 30H); 0.88 (t, J=7 Hz, 3H). MS (EI): 660.55 (M+H)⁺.

Example 4 Preparation of benzyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(S)-[3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl] adenine (Cmpd 218, Bn-ODE-(S)-HPMPA)

Method 1:

To a solution of octadecyloxyethyl 9-(S)-[3-trityloxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy) propyl]-N⁶-trityladenine (prepared as described in: Beadle, J. R. et al. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 2006, 49:2010-2015) (0.42 g, 0.38 mmol), (benzotriazol-1-yloxy)-tripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate (PYBOP®, 0.30 g, 0.58 mmol), benzyl alcohol (0.06 ml, 0.58 mmol) in dry N,N-DMF (2 ml), diisopropylethylamine (DIEA, 0.4 ml, 1.52 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. The solvents were evaporated. The residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (50 ml), and then washed with saturated solution of sodium bicarbonate (2×10 ml). Ethyl acetate was evaporated, and the residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (0-5%) to give 0.23 g (51%) of the product. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃/methanol-d₄) δ 7.89 (s, 1H); 7.16-7.40 (m, 36H); 5.03 (dd, J=9 Hz, J1=2 Hz, 2H); 4.27-4.44 (m, 2H); 4.06-4.14 (m, 1H); 3.91-4.04 (m, 2H), 3.83 (dd, J=8 Hz, J1=2 Hz, 2H); 3.40-3.50 (m, 2H); 3.27-3.40 (m, 4H); 1.42-1.58 (m, 2H); 1.18-1.38 (m, 30H); 0.88 (t, J=7 Hz, 3H). MS (EI): 1174.27 (M+H)+

The protected intermediate (0.13 g, 0.11 mmol) was added to 80% aq acetic acid (10 ml) and stirred at 30° C. for 3 h. After cooling, the solvent was evaporated and the residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel to give compound 218 (0.04 g, 52% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃/methanol-d₄) δ 8.25 (s, 1H); 7.89 (s, 1H); 7.26-7.38 (m, 5H); 5.09 (dd, J=9 Hz, J1=2 Hz, 2H); 4.28-4.43 (m, 2H); 4.06-4.18 (m, 1H); 3.95-4.05 (m, 2H), 3.80 (dd, J=8 Hz, J1=2 Hz, 2H); 3.50-3.60 (m, 2H); 3.25-3.38 (m, 4H); 1.49-1.60 (m, 2H); 1.10-1.40 (m, 30H); 0.88 (t, J=7 Hz, 3H). MS (EI): 690.49 (M+H)⁺, 712.47 (M+H)⁺.

Method 2:

A mixture of 9-(S)-[3-trityloxy-2-hydroxypropyl]-N⁶-trityladenine [prepared as in: Webb, R. R., Nucleosides & Nucleotides, 1989, 8:619-24] (1.4 g, 2.0 mmol) and sodium tert-butoxide (0.39 g, 4 mmol) in dry N,N-DMF (10 ml) were stirred at room temperature for 30 min, then benzyl p-toluenesulfonyloxymethylphosphonate (0.94 g, 2.5 mmol, see Example 6) was added. The mixture was stirred at 80° C. overnight. The solvent was evaporated, and then the residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel to give benzyl 9-(S)-[3-trityloxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]-N⁶-trityladenine 0.75 g (42%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃/methanol-d₄) δ 8.09 (s, 1H); 7.88 (s, 1H); 7.08-7.60 (m, 30H); 4.84-4.88 (m, 2H); 4.20-4.30 (m, 2H); 3.78-4.90 (m, 1H); 3.50-3.72 (m, 2H), 2.99-3.18 (m, 2H).

To a solution of this intermediate (0.2 g, 0.22 mmol), (benzotriazol-1-yloxy)-tripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate (PYBOP®, 0.17 g, 0.33 mmol) and octadecyloxyethanol (0.10 g, 0.33 mmol) in dry N,N-DMF (2 ml), diisopropylethylamine (DIEA, 0.15 ml, 0.88 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min and the solvent was evaporated. The residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (50 ml) and washed with saturated solution of sodium bicarbonate (2×10 ml). The ethyl acetate layer was evaporated, and then the residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (0-5%) to give 0.15 g (58%) of the product. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃/methanol-d₄) δ: 7.93 (s, 1H); 7.87 (s, 1H); 7.16-7.42 (m, 35H); 5.00 (dd, J=9 Hz, J₁=2 Hz, 2H); 4.27-4.44 (m, 2H); 4.06-4.14 (m, 1H); 3.91-4.04 (m, 2H), 3.83 (dd, J=8 Hz, J₁=2 Hz, 2H); 3.40-3.50 (m, 2H); 3.27-3.40 (m, 4H); 1.42-1.58 (m, 2H); 1.18-1.38 (m, 30H); 0.88 (t, J=7 Hz, 3H). MS (EI): 1174.29 (M+H)⁺; 1196.52 (M+Na)⁺.

The protected compound (0.15 g, 0.13 mmol) was treated with 80% aq acetic acid (10 ml) at 30° C. for 3 h. The solvents were evaporated, and then the residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel to give compound 218 (0.06 g, 68%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃/methanol-d₄) δ: 8.24 (s, 1H); 7.52 (s, 1H); 7.34-7.38 (m, 5H); 5.06 (dd, J=9 Hz, J₁=2 Hz, 2H); 4.28-4.46 (m, 2H); 4.06-4.16 (m, 2H); 3.95-4.16 (m, 1H), 3.76-3.87 (m, 2H); 3.52-3.66 (m, 4H); 3.39-3.48 (m, 2H); 1.49-1.60 (m, 2H); 1.20-1.40 (m, 30H); 0.89 (t, J=7 Hz, 3H). MS (EI): 690.47 (M+H)⁺, 712.45 (M+Na)⁺.

Example 5 Preparation of isopropylidene glyceryl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(2-phosphonomethoxyethyl)guanine

To a suspension of octadecyloxyethyl 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]guanine (ODE PMEG)) [prepared according to: Valiaeva, N. et al.; Antiviral Research, 2006, 72:10-19] (0.18 g, 0.30 mmol), oxalyl chloride (0.56 ml, 0.48 mmol) in dry toluene (5 ml), DMF (0.06 ml) was added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The solvent was evaporated in vacuum and co-evaporated with toluene (2×10 ml). The residue was dissolved in toluene (5 ml) and isopropylidene glycerol (0.09 g, 0.6 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. A solution of saturated sodium bicarbonate (5 ml) was added, and the mixture was stirred for 30 min. The toluene fraction was evaporated and purified by column chromatography on silica gel to give 0.05 g of IPG-ODE-PMEG (23%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃/methanol-d₄) δ: 8.91 (s, 1H); 8.15 (s, 1H); 4.44-4.52 (m, 2H); 4.18-4.34 (m, 2H); 4.13-4.18 (m, 1H); 4.02-4.13 (m, 2H); 3.95-4.18 (m, 2H); 3.68-3.84 (m, 2H); 3.60-3.67 (m, 2H); 3.44-3.52 (m, 2H); 1.42 (t, J=7 Hz, 3H); 1.36 (t, J=7 Hz, 3H); 1.22-1.34 (m, 30H), 0.89 (t, J=7 Hz, 3H). MS (EI): 700.37 (M+H)⁺, 722.43 (M+Na)⁺.

Example 6 Preparation of benzyl p-toluenesulfonyloxymethyl phosphonate, sodium salt

Diethyl p-toluenesulfonyloxymethyl phosphonate (3.2 g, 9.9 mmol) was dissolved in N,N-DMF (10 ml) and then bromotrimethylsilane (10 ml) was added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The solvent was evaporated, and co-evaporated with toluene (2×10 ml). An ethanol/water mixture (10 ml) was added, and then mixture was stirred for 30 min at room temperature. The solvents were evaporated and co-evaporated with toluene (2×10 ml). The residue was suspended in toluene (50 ml), and then oxalyl chloride (1.3 ml, 15.0 mmol) was added followed by N,N-DMF (0.01 ml). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The solvents were evaporated and co-evaporated with toluene (2×10 ml). The residue was suspended in toluene (25 ml), and then anhydrous benzyl alcohol (1.5 ml, 15.0 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. A solution of saturated sodium bicarbonate (15 ml) was added, and then the mixture was stirred for 30 min. The toluene fraction was evaporated, and the residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel to give 2.94 g of benzyl p-toluenesulfonyloxymethyl phosphonate, sodium salt (81%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃/methanol-d₄) δ: 7.72 (d, J=8 Hz, 2H); 7.30-7.33 (m, 7H); 4.88 (d, J=7 Hz, 2H); 4.02 (d, J=9 Hz, 2H); 2.44 (s, 3H).

Example 7 Preparation of benzyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn-glyceryl 9-(S)-[(3-hydroxypropyl-2-phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine (Cmpd 230, Bn-ODBG-(S)-HPMPA)

To a solution of benzyl 9-(S)-[3-trityloxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]-N⁶-trityladenine (prepared as in Example 4, method 2) (0.4 g, 0.44 mmol), (benzotriazol-1-yloxy)-tripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate (PYBOP®, 0.27 g, 0.51 mmol), 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn-glycerol (0.22 g, 0.51 mmol) in dry N,N-DMF (1 ml), diisopropylethylamine (DIEA, 0.30 ml, 1.7 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. The solvents were evaporated. The residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (50 ml), and then washed with a solution of saturated sodium bicarbonate (2×10 ml). The ethyl acetate layer was evaporated and then the residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (0-5%) to give 0.15 g (58%) of the product. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃/methanol-d₄) δ: 7.88 (s, 1H); 7.87 (s, 1H); 7.19-7.42 (m, 40H); 4.95-5.03 (m, 2H); 4.57-4.60 (m, 2H); 4.29-4.39 (m, 2H); 4.16-4.28 (m, 2H), 4.00-4.12 (m, 1H); 3.90-3.98 (m, 1H); 3.65-3.81 (m, 4H); 3.45-3.49 (m, 2H); 1.46-1.53 (m, 2H); 1.22-1.32 (m, 30H); 0.88 (t, J=7 Hz, 3H). MS (EI): 1294.27 (M+H)⁺; 1316.57 (M+Na)⁺.

The protected compound (0.33 g, 0.13 mmol) was treated with 80% aq acetic acid (20 ml) at 30° C. for 3 h. The solvents were then evaporated and the residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel to give compound 230 (0.13 g, 65%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃/methanol-d₄) δ: 8.22 (s, 1H); 7.65 (s, 1H); 7.27-7.35 (m, 10H); 4.99-5.04 (m, 2H); 4.58-4.66 (m, 2H); 4.33-4.43 (m, 1H); 4.16-4.33 (m, 2H), 3.94-4.12 (m, 2H); 3.80-3.88 (m, 1H); 3.68-3.78 (m, 2H); 3.38-3.62 (m, 4H); 1.50-1.58 (m, 2H); 1.22-1.38 (m, 30H); 0.89 (t, J=7 Hz, 3H). MS (EI): 810.47 (M+H)⁺, 832.44 (M+Na)⁺.

Example 8 Preparation of benzyl octadecyloxyethyl 1-(S)-[(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine (Cmpd 219, Bn-ODE-(S)-HPMPC)

A mixture of 1-(S)-[3-trityloxy-2-hydroxypropyl]-N⁴-monomethoxytritylcytosine [prepared as described in: Beadle, J. R., et al., PCT Int. Appl. WO 2005/087788 A2, published Sep. 22, 2005] (1.84 g, 2.63 mmol) and sodium tert-butoxide (1.24 g, 3.29 mmol) in dry DMF (20 ml) were stirred at room temperature for 30 min. Benzyl p-toluenesulfonyloxymethylphosphonate (0.94 g, 2.5 mmol, see Example 6) were added and the mixture was stirred at 80° C. overnight. The solvent was evaporated, and the residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel to give benzyl 1-(S)-[3-trityloxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]-N⁴-monomethoxytritylcytosine 1.25 g (52%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃/methanol-d₄) δ: 7.12-7.48 (m, 24H); 7.05 (d, J=9 Hz, 1H); 6.79 (d, J=9 Hz, 1H); 4.70 (dd, J₁=30 Hz, J₂=6 Hz, 2H); 4.20-4.30 (m, 2H); 3.78-4.90 (m, 1H); 3.77 (s, 3H); 3.50-3.72 (m, 2H), 2.99-3.18 (m, 2H). (EI): 883.99 (M+H)⁺, 906.22 (M+Na)⁺.

To a solution of this intermediate (0.6 g, 0.66 mmol), (benzotriazol-1-yloxy)-tripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate (PYBOP®, 0.52 g, 0.99 mmol), octadecyloxyethanol (0.31 g, 0.52 mmol) in dry DMF (5 ml), diisopropylethylamine (DIEA, 0.46 ml, 2.65 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min and then the solvents were evaporated. The residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (50 ml), and washed with saturated solution of sodium bicarbonate (2×10 ml). Ethyl acetate was evaporated, and the residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (0-5%) to give the product. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃/methanol-d₄) δ: 7.18-7.44 (m, 34H); 7.13 (dd, J₁=14 Hz, J₂=7 Hz, 1H); 6.85 (dd, J₁=14 Hz, J₂=7 Hz, 1H); 5.00 (dd, J₁=8 Hz, J₂=3 Hz, 2H); 4.04-4.12 (m, 2H); 3.88-3.95 (m, 1H); 3.80 (s, 3H); 3.58-3.79 (m, 4H); 3.45-3.57 (m, 2H); 3.16-3.22 (m, 1H); 3.02-3.08 (m, 1H); 1.43-1.52 (m, 2H); 1.08-1.38 (m, 30H); 0.88 (t, J=7 Hz, 3H). (EI): 1180.10 (M+H)⁺, 1202.57 (M+Na)⁺.

The protected compound (0.44 g, 0.37 mmol) was treated with 80% acetic acid (20 ml) at 30° C. for 3 h. The solvents were evaporated, and the residue was purified by column chromatography to give compound 219 (0.16 g, 64%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃/methanol-d₄) δ: 7.40-7.42 (m, 5H); 7.38 (dd, J₁=14 Hz, J₂=7 Hz, 1H); 5.73 (dd, J₁=14 Hz, J₂=7 Hz, 1H); 5.12 (dd, J₁=8 Hz, J₂=3 Hz, 2H); 4.10-4.20 (m, 2H), 3.99-4.10 (m, 2H), 3.50-3.80 (m, 7H), 3.40-3.50 (m, 2H); 1.50-1.62 (m, 2H), 1.20-1.40 (m, 30H), 0.89 (t, J=7 Hz, 3H). Mass spec (ESI): 666.54 (M+H)⁺, 688.52 (M+Na)⁺.

Example 9 Preparation of benzyl 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn-glyceryl 1-(S)-[3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine (Cmpd 231, Bn-ODBG (S)-HPMPC)

To a solution of the intermediate from Example 8, benzyl 1-(S)-[3-trityloxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl] N⁴-monomethoxytrityl cytosine (0.57 g, 0.63 mmol), (benzotriazol-1-yloxy)-tripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate (PYBOP®, 0.49 g, 0.95 mmol) and 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-sn-glycerol (0.41 g, 0.95 mmol) in dry DMF (5 ml), diisopropylethylamine (DIEA, 0.44 ml, 2.52 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. The solvents were evaporated. The residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (50 ml) and washed with saturated solution of sodium bicarbonate (2×10 ml). Ethyl acetate was evaporated, and the residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (0-5%) to give 0.30 g (36%) of the product. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃/methanol-d₄) δ: 7.19-7.45 (m, 39H); 7.15 (dd, J₁=14 Hz, J₂=7 Hz, 1H); 6.82 (dd, J₁=14 Hz, J₂=7 Hz, 1H); 5.00 (dd, J₁=8 Hz, J₂=3 Hz, 2H); 4.69-4.71 (m, 2H); 4.05 (s, 3H), 3.96-4.05 (m, 2H); 3.82-3.90 (m, 1H); 3.50-3.80 (m, 4H); 3.40-3.53 (m, 2H); 3.24-3.40 (m, 4H); 3.02-3.08 (m, 1H); 1.43-1.50 (m, 2H); 1.20-1.40 (m, 30H); 0.88 (t, J=7 Hz, 3H). (EI): 1301.06 (M+H)⁺, 1322.58 (M+Na)⁺.

The protected compound (0.30 g, 0.23 mmol) was then treated with 80% acetic acid (20 ml) at 30° C. for 3 h. The solvents were evaporated, and the residue was purified by column chromatography to give compound 231 (0.10 g, 55%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃/methanol-d₄) δ: 7.31-7.40 (m, 10H); 7.28 (dd, J₁=14 Hz, J₂=7 Hz, 1H); 5.66 (dd, J₁=14 Hz, J₂=7 Hz, 1H); 5.07 (dd, J₁=8 Hz, J₂=3 Hz, 2H); 4.63-4.66 (m, 2H), 4.18-4.27 (m, 2H), 4.02-4.14 (m, 2H), 3.90-3.98 (m, 2H), 3.40-3.84 (m, 8H); 1.50-1.62 (m, 2H), 1.20-1.40 (m, 30H), 0.89 (t, J=7 Hz, 3H). Mass spec (ESI): 786.43 (M+H)⁺, 808.41 (M+Na)⁺.

Example 10 Preparation of phenyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy) ethyl]guanine (Cmpd 19, Ph-ODE-PMEG)

To a solution of octadecyloxyethyl 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]guanine (ODE-PMEG, 0.26 g, 0.44 mmol) [prepared according to: Valiaeva, N. et al. Antiviral Research 2006, 72:10-19], (benzotriazol-1-yloxy)-tripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate (PYBOP®, 0.34 g, 0.66 mmol), and phenol (0.06 g, 0.66 mmol) in anhydrous N,N-DMF, was added diisopropylethylamine (DIEA, 0.30 ml, 1.8 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min, and then the solvent was evaporated in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (50 ml) and washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate (2×10 ml) solution. The ethyl acetate layer was evaporated, and the crude residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel using CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (0-5%) to afford 0.09 g (31%) of compound 19 as a white powder. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃/methanol-d₄) δ: 7.66 (s, 1H); 7.36 (t, J=8 Hz, 2H); 7.20 (t, J=7 Hz, 1H); 7.13 (d, J=8 Hz, 2H); 4.23-4.30 (m, 4H); 4.03 (dd, J=8 Hz, J₁=2 Hz, 2H); 3.93 (t, J=5 Hz, 2H); 3.61 (t, J=5 Hz, 2H), 3.41-3.45 (m, 2H); 1.50-1.60 (m, 2H); 1.20-1.38 (m, 30H); 0.89 (t, J=7 Hz, 3H). MS (EI): 662.43 (M+H)⁺, 684.39 (M+Na)⁺.

Example 11 Preparation of benzyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(S)-[3-methoxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine (Cmpd 146, Bn-ODE-(S)-MPMPA)

To a solution of octadecyloxyethyl 9-[3-methoxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl] adenine (ODE-S)-MPMPA, 0.62 g, 1.00 mmol) [prepared as described in: Valiaeva, N. et al. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 2011, 19:4616-4625]), (benzotriazol-1-yloxy)-tripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate (PYBOP®, 0.78 g, 0.66 mmol), and benzyl alcohol (0.16 ml, 1.50 mmol) in anhydrous N,N-DMF, was added diisopropylethylamine (DIEA, 0.70 ml, 4.0 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min, and then solvents was evaporated in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (50 ml) and then washed with saturated NaHCO₃ (2×10 ml). The ethyl acetate layer was evaporated, and the residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel using CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (0-5%) to give 0.29 g (41%) of compound 146. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃/methanol-d₄) δ 8.24 (d, J=5.50 Hz, 1H), 8.05 (d, J=7.33 Hz, 1H), 7.30-7.39 (m, 5H), 5.00-5.15 (m, 2H); 4.40-4.45 (m, 1H); 4.28-4.36 (m, 1H); 4.00-4.18 (m, 3H); 3.80-3.98 (m, 2H); 3.40-3.60 (m, 6H); 3.35 (s, 3H); 1.45-1.60 (m, 2H), 1.22-1.36 (m, 30H), 0.89 (t, J=7 Hz, 3H). MS (EI): 704.52 (M+H)⁺, 726.45 (M+Na)⁺.

Example 12 Preparation of phenyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(S)-[3-methoxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine (Cmpd 164, Ph-ODE-(S)-MPMPA)

To a solution of octadecyloxyethyl 9-[3-methoxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl] adenine (ODE (S)-MPMPA, 0.62 g, 1.00 mmol) [prepared as described in: Valiaeva, N. et al. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 2011, 19:4616-4625], (benzotriazol-1-yloxy)-tripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate (PYBOP®, 0.78 g, 0.66 mmol), and phenol (0.14 g, 1.50 mmol) in dry N,N-DMF, was added diisopropylethylamine (DIEA, 0.70 ml, 4.0 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min, and then the solvent was evaporated in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (50 ml), and then washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate (2×10 ml). The ethyl acetate layer was evaporated. The crude residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel using CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (0-5%) to give 0.29 g (41%) of compound 164 as an off white solid. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃/methanol-d₄) δ 8.23 (d, J=5.50 Hz, 1H), 8.05 (d, J=7.33 Hz, 1H), 7.29-7.37 (m, 2H), 7.20 (d, J=6.60 Hz, 1H), 7.12-7.16 (m, 1H), 7.08 (dt, J=8.71, 1.15 Hz, 1H), 4.30-4.45 (m, 2H), 4.11-4.28 (m, 3H), 3.98-4.07 (m, 2H), 3.42-3.63 (m, 6H), 3.34 (s, 3H), 1.48-1.59 (m, 2H), 1.22-1.36 (m, 30H), 0.89 (t, J=7 Hz, 3H). MS (D): 704.52 (M+H)⁺, 726.45 (M+Na)⁺.

Example 13 Preparation of benzyl hexadecyloxypropyl 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]guanine (Cmpd 25, Bn-HDP-PMEG)

To a solution of hexadecyloxypropyl 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]guanine (HDP PMEG, 0.28 g, 0.49 mmol) [prepared according to: Valiaeva, N. et al., Antiviral Research, 2006, 72:10-19], (benzotriazol-1-yloxy)-tripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate (PYBOP®, 0.39 g, 0.74 mmol), and benzyl alcohol (0.10 ml, 0.74 mmol) in dry N,N-DMF, was added diisopropylethylamine (DIEA, 0.35 ml, 2.0 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. The mixture was concentrated under vacuum. The resulting residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (50 ml) and then washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate (2×10 ml). The ethyl acetate layer was evaporated, and the crude product was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel using CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (0-5%) to give 0.03 g (10%) of compound 25 as a powdery white solid. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃/methanol-d₄) δ: 7.62 (s, 1H), 7.30-7.44 (m, 5H), 5.07 (dd, J=8.98, 2.02 Hz, 2H), 4.05-4.24 (m, 4H), 3.83 (m, 4H), 3.31-3.42 (m, 4H), 1.87 (m, 2H), 1.54 (m, 2H), 1.17-1.38 (m, 26H), 0.86-0.91 (m, 3H). MS (EI): 662.46 (M+H)⁺, 684.46 (M+Na)⁺.

Example 14 Preparation of benzyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(R)-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine (Cmpd 74, Bn-ODE-(R)-PMPA)

To a solution of octadecyloxyethyl 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine (ODE-(R)-PMPA, 0.30 g, 0.51 mmol) [prepared as described in: Painter, G et al. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 2007, 51:3505-3509], (benzotriazol-1-yloxy)-tripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate (PYBOP®, 0.40 g, 0.77 mmol), and benzyl alcohol (0.08 ml, 0.77 mmol) in dry N,N-DMF, was added diisopropylethylamine (DIEA, 0.35 ml, 2.0 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min, and then the solvent was evaporated under vacuum. The resulting residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (50 ml) and washed with saturated NaHCO₃ (2×10 ml). The ethyl acetate layer was evaporated, and the crude product was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel using CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (0-5%) to give 0.24 g (70%) of compound 74. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃+methanol-d₄) δ ppm 8.24 (s, 1H), 8.03 (d, J=4.40 Hz, 1H), 7.30-7.42 (m, 5H), 4.99-5.14 (m, 2H), 4.35 (d, J=14.66 Hz, 1H), 4.07-4.20 (m, 3H), 3.92 (ddd, J=13.75, 8.98, 4.77 Hz, 2H), 3.65-3.73 (m, 1H), 3.50-3.61 (m, 2H), 3.38-3.47 (m, 2H), 1.49-1.61 (m, 2H), 1.27 (m, 30H), 1.21 (d, J=6.23 Hz, 3H), 0.09 (t, J=8.00 Hz, 3H). MS (EI): 674.48 (M+H)⁺, 693.46 (M+Na)⁺.

Example 15 Preparation of phenyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(R)-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine (Cmpd 94, Ph-ODE-(R)-PMPA)

To a solution of octadecyloxyethyl 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine (ODE PMPA, 0.30 g, 0.51 mmol) [prepared as described in: Painter, G et al. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 2007, 51:3505-3509], (benzotriazol-1-yloxy)-tripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate (PYBOP®, 0.40 g, 0.77 mmol), and phenol (0.072 g, 0.77 mmol) in dry N,N-DMF, was added diisopropylethylamine (DIEA, 0.35 ml, 2.0 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min, and then the solvent was evaporated under vacuum. The residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (50 ml), and washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (2×10 ml). The ethyl acetate layer was evaporated, and then the crude product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (0-5%) to afford 0.25 g (75%) of compound 94. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃+methanol-d₄) δ ppm 8.24 (d, J=3.30 Hz, 1H), 8.05 (d, J=6.23 Hz, 1H), 7.29-7.37 (m, 2H), 7.17-7.24 (m, 1H), 7.05-7.15 (m, 2H), 4.37 (d, J=1.47 Hz, 1H), 4.04-4.31 (m, 4H), 3.94-4.03 (m, 1H), 3.86 (dd, J=9.53, 1.10 Hz, 1H), 3.60 (d, J=4.03 Hz, 2H), 3.38-3.47 (m, 2H), 1.48-1.60 (m, 2H), 1.21-1.35 (m, 33H), 0.89 (t, J=8.00 Hz, 3H). MS (EI): 660.47 (M+H)⁺, 682.41 (M+Na)⁺.

Example 16 Preparation of benzyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(R)-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl] guanine (Cmpd 73, Bn-ODE-(R)-PMPG)

To a solution of octadecyloxyethyl 9-(R)-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]guanine (Bn-ODE-(R)-PMPG, 180 mg, 0.3 mmol) [prepared as described in: Painter, G et al. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 2007, 51:3505-3509], (benzotriazol-1-yloxy)-tripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate (PYBOP®, 312 mg, 0.6 mmol), and benzyl alcohol (97 mg, 0.9 mmol) in dry N,N-DMF (30 ml), was added diisopropylethylamine (DIEA, 77 mg, 0.6 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min, and then the solvent was evaporated under vacuum. The residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (50 ml), and washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (2×10 ml). The ethyl acetate layer was evaporated, and then the crude product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (0-5%) to afford 60 mg (29%) of compound 73. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3+methanol-d₄) δ ppm 7.82 (d, J=5.50 Hz, 1H), 7.75 (d, J=7.33 Hz, 1H), 7.43-7.53 (m, 2H), 7.33-7.43 (m, 3H), 5.01-5.17 (m, 1H), 4.07-4.18 (m, 2H), 3.82-4.03 (m, 2H), 3.69-3.81 (m, 1H), 3.51-3.64 (m, 1H), 3.44 (d, J=7.70 Hz, 1H), 3.36 (dt, J=3.30, 1.65 Hz, 3H), 1.54 (m, 2H), 1.21-1.35 (m, 30H), 1.18 (dd, J=6.23, 2.57 Hz, 3H), 0.88 (t, J=8.00 Hz, 3H). MS (EI): 690.49 (M+H)⁺, 712.48 (M+Na)⁺.

Example 17 Preparation of benzyl octadecyloxyethyl (S)-9-[3-fluoro-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]guanine (Cmpd 289, Bn ODE-(S)-FPMPG)

9-(S)-[3-Fluoro-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]guanine [(S)-FPMPG, 0.32 g, 1.05 mmol) [prepared as described in: Jind{hacek over (r)}ich, J. et al., Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun., 1993, 58:1645-1667], was esterified with octadecyloxyethanol (0.33 g, 1.05 mmol) using N,N-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC, 0.43 g, 2.1 mmol) in dry N,N-DMF (25 ml) at 50° C. overnight. Octadecyloxyethyl (S)-9-[3-fluoro-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]guanine (ODE(S)-FPMPG) was isolated by column chromatography to give 0.11 g (17%) of the product. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃/methanol-d₄), δ 8.18 (s, 1H); 4.50-4.75 (m, 2H); 4.43-4.49 (m, 1H); 4.07-4.16 (m, 1H); 3.98-4.17 (m, 2H); 3.84-3.72 (m, 1H); 3.56-3.60 (m, 2H); 3.42-3.48 (m, 2H); 3.35-3.37 (m, 1H); 1.52-1.60 (m, 2H); 1.20-1.34 (m, 30H); 0.88 (t, J=7 Hz, 3H). MS (EI): 600.30 (M−H)⁻.

A stirred mixture of ODE-(S)-FPMPG (0.11 g, 0.18 mmol), benzyl alcohol (0.06 ml, 0.54 mmol) and (benzotriazol-1-yloxy)-tripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate (PYBOP®, 0.28 g, 0.54 mmol) in dry DMF was treated with diisopropylethylamine (DIEA, 0.25 ml, 1.44 mmol) for 4 hours at room temperature. The solvent was evaporated under vacuum. The residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (50 ml), and washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (2×10 ml). The ethyl acetate layer was evaporated, and then the crude product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (0-5%) to afford 90 mg (71%) of compound 289. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃+methanol-d₄) δ ppm 7.77 (s, 1H), 7.46-7.54 (m, 2H), 7.34-7.42 (m, 3H), 5.04-5.17 (m, 1H), 4.42-4.52 (m, 2H), 4.19-4.38 (m, 2H), 4.09-4.19 (m, 2H), 3.88-4.06 (m, 2H), 3.64-3.73 (m, 1H), 3.55-3.64 (m, 1H), 3.41-3.50 (m, 1H), 3.18 (d, J=7.33 Hz, 1H), 1.49-1.60 (m, 2H), 1.21-1.35 (m, 30H), 0.88 (t, J=7 Hz, 3H). MS (EI): 708.50 (M−H)⁻, 730.52 (M+Na)⁺.

Example 18 Preparation of naphthyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(S)-[3-methoxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine (Cmpd 398, Npt-ODE-(S)-MPMPA)

To a solution of octadecyloxyethyl 9-[3-methoxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy) propyl]adenine (ODE MPMPA, 0.30 g, 0.49 mmol) [prepared as described in: Valiaeva, N. et al. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 2011, 19: 4616-4625], (benzotriazol-1-yloxy)-tripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate (PYBOP®, 0.38 g, 0.73 mmol), and 1-naphthol (0.11 g, 0.73 mmol) in dry N,N-DMF, was added diisopropylethylamine (DIEA, 0.35 ml, 2.0 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight, and then the solvent was evaporated under vacuum. The residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (50 ml) and washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate (2×10 ml). The ethyl acetate layer was evaporated, and then the crude product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (0-5%) to yield 0.20 g (56%) of compound 398 as an off white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃+methanol-d₄) δ ppm 8.18 (d, J=8.07 Hz, 1H), 8.02-8.11 (m, 1H), 7.94 (s, 1H), 7.86-7.90 (m, 1H), 7.69-7.74 (m, 1H), 7.48-7.57 (m, 2H), 7.34-7.43 (m, 2H), 4.38-4.46 (m, 1H), 4.26-4.37 (m, 3H), 4.09-4.24 (m, 2H), 3.99-4.09 (m, 1H), 3.59 (t, J=4.58 Hz, 1H), 3.47-3.56 (m, 2H), 3.30-3.45 (m, 5H), 1.49 (d, J=6.60 Hz, 2H), 1.19-1.34 (m, 30H), 0.85-0.93 (t, J=7 Hz, 3H). MS (EI): 740.54 (M+H)⁺, 762.52 (M+Na)⁺.

Example 19 Preparation of naphthyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy) ethyl]guanine (Cmpd 361, Npt-ODE-PMEG)

To a solution of octadecyloxyethyl 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]guanine (ODE PMEG, 0.29 g, 0.50 mmol) [prepared according to: Valiaeva, N. et al. Antiviral Research 2006, 72: 10-19], (benzotriazol-1-yloxy)-tripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate (PYBOP®, 0.39 g, 0.75 mmol), and 1-naphthol (0.11 g, 0.75 mmol) in dry N,N-DMF, was added diisopropylethylamine (DIEA, 0.35 ml, 2.0 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight and then the solvent was evaporated under vacuum. The residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (50 ml) and then washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate (2×10 ml). The ethyl acetate layer was evaporated. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel using CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (0-5%) to give 0.23 g (65%) of compound 361. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃/methanol-d₄) δ: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃+methanol-d₄) δ ppm 8.07-8.12 (m, 1H), 7.87 (dd, J=5.87, 3.30 Hz, 1H), 7.71 (d, J=5.87 Hz, 1H), 7.59 (d, J=4.40 Hz, 1H), 7.52-7.56 (m, 1H), 7.39-7.43 (m, 1H), 4.30 (ddd, J=8.62, 5.68, 3.30 Hz, 2H), 4.16-4.21 (m, 2H), 4.14 (d, J=8.07 Hz, 2H), 3.64-3.72 (m, 2H), 3.56-3.61 (m, 1H), 3.38 (d, J=4.77 Hz, 1H), 3.19 (q, J=7.45 Hz, 2H), 1.45-1.54 (m, 2H), 1.15-1.35 (m, 30H), 0.88 (t, J=7 Hz, 3H). MS (EI): 712.49 (M+H)⁺, 734.41 (M+Na)⁺.

Example 20 Preparation of benzyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(S)-[3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]uracil (Cmpd 221, Bn-ODE-(S)-HPMPU)

To a solution of benzyl 9-[3-trityloxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]-4-methoxy-uracil (0.1 g, 0.15 mmol), (benzotriazol-1-yloxy)-tripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate (PYBOP®, 0.11 g, 0.20 mmol), and octadecyloxyethanol (0.06 g, 0.20 mmol) in dry N,N-DMF was added diisopropylethylamine (DIEA, 0.03 ml, 0.20 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The solvent was evaporated under vacuum. The residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (50 ml), washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate (2×10 ml), and then the ethyl acetate layer was concentrated under vacuum. The resulting crude product was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel using CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (0-5%) to give 0.024 g (17%) of benzyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-[3-trityloxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]-4-methoxyuracil ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃+methanol) δ ppm 7.56 (d, J=5.50 Hz, 1H), 7.16-7.51 (m, 15H), 5.46 (d, J=5.50 Hz, 1H), 5.10 (d, J=8.80 Hz, 2H), 4.03-4.21 (m, 2H), 3.86-3.99 (m, 1H), 3.65-3.85 (m, 2H), 3.37-3.60 (m, 4H), 3.25 (s, 3H), 3.12 (m, 1H), 1.42-1.62 (m, 2H), 1.5-1.38 (m, 30H), 0.88 (t, J=6.97 Hz, 3H). MS (EI): 945.66 (M+Na)⁺.

The protected intermediate was then stirred in 80% aq acetic acid overnight at 50° C. The solvent was then evaporated under vacuum, and the residue was purified by flash column chromatography to give 0.01 g (59%) of compound 221. MS (EI): 667.54 (M+H)⁺, 689.56 (M+Na)⁺.

Example 21 Preparation of ethyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-(S)-[3-methoxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine (Cmpd 182, Et-ODE-(S)-MPMPA)

To a solution of octadecyloxyethyl 9-(S)-[3-methoxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy) propyl]-adenine (ODE-(S)-MPMPA, 0.30 g, 0.49 mmol) [prepared as described in: Valiaeva, N. et al. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 2011, 19:4616-4625], (benzotriazol-1-yloxy)-tripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate, (PYBOP®, 0.38 g, 0.73 mmol), in ethanol (25 ml), was added diisopropylethylamine (DIEA, 0.35 ml, 2.0 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The solvent was then evaporated under vacuum. The residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (50 ml), and then washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate (2×10 ml). Ethyl acetate was evaporated, and the residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel using CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (0-5%) to give 0.26 g (84%) of compound 182 as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃+methanol-d₄) δ ppm 8.26 (s, 1H), 8.08 (d, J=2.20 Hz, 1H), 4.72-4.74 (m, 1H), 4.62-64 (m, 1H), 4.44-4.50 (m, 1H), 4.28-4.35 (m, 1H), 4.10-4.18 (m, 2H), 4.03-4.10 (m, 2H), 3.81-3.89 (m, 1H), 3.53-3.64 (m, 3H), 3.42-3.52 (m, 3H), 3.40 (s, 3H), 1.56 (m, 2H), 1.19-1.37 (m, 33H), 0.89 (t, J=7.20 Hz, 3H). MS (EI): 642.69 (M+H)⁺, 664.61 (M+Na)⁺.

Example 22 Preparation of benzyl octadecyloxyethyl 9-[3-methoxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]-2,6-diaminopurine (Cmpd 150, Bn-ODE(S)-MPMPDAP)

To a solution of octadecyloxyethyl 9-(S)-[3-methoxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy) propyl]-2,6-diaminopurine (ODE-(S)-MPMP DAP, 0.20 g, 0.32 mmol) [prepared as described in: Valiaeva, N. et al. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 2011, 19:4616-4625], ((benzotriazol-1-yloxy)-tripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate (PYBOP®) (0.21 g, 0.40 mmol), and benzyl alcohol (0.04 ml, 0.40 mmol) in dry N,N-DMF, was added diisopropylethylamine (DIEA, 0.07 ml, 0.40 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight, and then the solvent was evaporated under vacuum. The residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (50 ml), and then washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate (2×10 ml). The ethyl acetate layer was evaporated, and then the residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel using CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (0-5%) to give 0.12 g (54%) of compound 150. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃+methanol-d₄) δ ppm 7.63-7.68 (m, 1H), 7.31-7.43 (m, 5H), 5.02-5.13 (m, 2H), 4.59 (s, 1H), 4.50 (s, 1H), 4.23 (d, J=3.67 Hz, 1H), 3.99-4.15 (m, 3H), 3.84-3.92 (m, 2H), 3.39-3.56 (m, 5H), 3.36 (s, 3H), 1.49-1.58 (m, 2H), 1.17-1.35 (m, 30H), 0.89 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 3H). MS (EI): 719.62 (M+H)⁺, 741.56 (M+Na)⁺.

Example 23 Antiproliferative Activity of Nucleoside Phosphonates Diesters in Normal Human Fibroblasts and in Human Cervical Cancer Lines In Vitro

Method.

Compounds at a range of concentrations were incubated with normal fibroblasts or human cervical cancer cell lines in monolayer culture and after 4 days, viable cell number was determined by neutral red reduction as previously described (Valiaeva N, et al., Chemotherapy, 2010, 56(1):54-9). Cell lines were obtained from American Type Culture Collection. The results were plotted and the concentration which reduced neutral red levels by 50% (CC₅₀) was determined in triplicate. Although viral replication is no longer occurring in the human cervical cancer cell lines, Caski cells were transformed by HPV-16 and Hela cells were transformed by HPV-18.

Results.

As tabulated in Table 11 following, these results demonstrate that compounds described herein were 23.6 fold (e.g., Cmpd 219) to 3,750 fold (e.g., Cmpd 1) more effective in reducing viable cell number in the cervical cancer lines than in normal, non-transformed human fibroblasts.

TABLE 11 Antiproliferative activity of nucleoside phosphonate diesters in normal human fibroblasts and in human cervical cancer lines in vitro Cytotoxic concentration 50% (CC₅₀) μM Normal human fibroblasts Caski Hela Compound # (HFF) (HPV-16) (HPV-18) 219 52 2.0 2.2 218 5.2 0.055 0.029 1 15 0.004 0.009

Example 24 Antiproliferative Activity of Compounds on Human T Cell Leukemia Cells (MT-2)

Method of Cytotoxicity Determination.

MT-2 cells were incubated with drug for 72 hrs and harvested. Flow count beads (Beckman Coulter, Miami, Fla.) were added to the cell suspension followed by propidium iodide staining and analysis using flow cytometer and the 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC₅₀) was calculated from the cell counts and viability.

Results.

Compounds disclosed herein are effective antiproliferative agents in human T cell leukemia (MT-2) cells (Table 12).

TABLE 12 Antiproliferative activity in human MT-2 leukemic cells in vitro CC₅₀, 50% Cytotoxic concentration Compound # μMMT2 cells T cell leukemia 1 0.036 ± 0.04 1a <0.01 1b <0.01 2 <0.010

Example 25 Anti HIV Activity

Method HIV Antiviral Assays.

MT-2 cells were maintained in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% FBS, 10 mM HEPES buffer, 50 IU of penicillin/ml, and 50 μg of streptomycin/ml. The antiviral activity of each compound was determined by inoculating MT-2 cells with HIV-1_(LAI) at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.001 TCID₅₀/cell, followed by incubation in the presence of threefold serial drug dilutions (three wells per dilution). Four days after infection, culture supernatants were harvested, lysed with 0.5% Triton X-100, and assayed for p24 antigen concentration using a commercial ELISA assay (Perkin Elmer Life Sciences, Boston, Mass.). The antiviral activity of each compound is expressed as the EC₅₀, which is the concentration required to inhibit p24 antigen production by 50%.

Method Cytotoxicity Determination.

MT-2 cells were incubated with drug for 72 hrs and harvested. Flow count beads (Beckman Coulter, Miami, Fla.) were added to the cell suspension followed by propidium iodide staining and analysis using flow cytometer and the 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC₅₀) was calculated from the cell counts and viability.

Results.

Table 13 shows that compounds disclosed herein have considerable antiviral activity against HIV-1 and exhibit selectivity.

TABLE 13 Antiviral activity in HIV-1 infected human lymphoblastic leukemia cells HIV ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY IN MT-2 CELLS Selectivity Compound # EC₅₀, μM CC₅₀, μM Index 1   <1 × 10⁻⁵   0.036 ± 0.04 >3600 2   <1 × 10⁻⁵    <1 × 10⁻² — 218   0.13 ± 0.14 (3)    2.3 ± 1.6 (3) 17.7 219    2.7 ± 2.1 (3)     18 ± 3.6 (3) 6.7 230   0.05 ± 0.03 (3)     19 ± 2.6 (3) 380 231    2.2 ± 2.1 (3)     22 ± 3.0 (3) 10 EC₅₀, effective dose 50%; CC₅₀, cytotoxic dose 50%, selectivity index CC₅₀/EC₅₀. Assay: p24 reduction.

Example 26 Antiviral Effect of ANP Diesters in HFF Cells Infected with HSV-2

Method.

Primary low passage human foreskin fibroblast (HFF) cells in 96-well plates were infected at an MOI of 0.01 PFU/cell with the G strain of herpes simplex virus type 2 and incubated for 3 days. Media was then aspirated and cell monolayers were stained with crystal violet and rinsed with distilled water. Crystal violet associated with the cells was then quantified in a spectrophotometer and the concentration of the compound that was sufficient to reduce virus replication by 50% (EC₅₀) was calculated. Cytotoxicity was measured in parallel by similar methods to yield the concentration that reduced cell number by 50% (CC₅₀).

Results.

Results are tabulated in Table 14 following.

TABLE 14 Antiviral Effect of ANP diesters in HFF cells infected with HSV-2 Selectivity Compound # EC₅₀, μM CC₅₀, μM Index 219 0.10 13.1 131 218 0.04 6.91 173 231 0.80 34.8 43.5 230 0.71 37.1 52.2 221 3.8 >10 >2.6

Example 27 Effect of Oral Octadecyloxyethyl-Benzyl-(ODE-Bn) Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonate Diesters and ODE-Monoesters of Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonates on Body Weight in Balb-c Mice

Method.

Compounds were administered at the indicated doses by oral gavage daily for 5 days. Weights measured before and on day 6 after 5 doses.

Results.

As tabulated in Table 15 following, these results demonstrate that ODE-monoesters of Cidofovir (CDV) and PMEG lost 14.7% and 19.1% of body weight, respectively, which was highly statistically significant versus day zero (p=0.0007 and p<0.001). However, oral ODE-benzyl diesters of the CDV and PMEG nucleoside phosphonates exhibited no statistically significant effects (“ns”) on body weight compared with the unmodified compounds.

TABLE 15 Effect of oral Octadecyloxyethyl-benzyl-(ODE-bn-) acyclic phosphonate diesters and Octadecyloxyethyl-monoesters of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates on body weight in Balb-c Mice Compound Dose Day 0 Day 6 p value, 0 vs 6 ODE-CDV 20 mg/kg/day 19.88 ± 0.55 (6) 16.96 ± 1.38 (6) 0.0007 ODE-bn-CDV 20 mg/kg/day 19.03 ± 1.16 (6) 19.27 ± 1.32 (6) ns (Cmpd 219) ODE-PMEG  4 mg/kg/day 19.17 ± 0.581 (3)  15.5 ± 0.514(3) <0.001 ODE-bn-PMEG  4 mg/kg/day 18.63 ± 0.728 (3) 18.42 ± 1.00 (3) ns (Cmpd 1)

Example 28 Antiviral Effect of ANP Diesters in Cells Infected with Human Cytomegalovirus (AD169)

Method.

Primary low passage human foreskin fibroblast (HFF) cells in 96-well plates were infected at an MOI of 0.01 PFU/cell with the AD169 strain of human cytomegalovirus and incubated for 14 days. Media was then aspirated and cell monolayers were stained with crystal violet and rinsed with distilled water. Crystal violet associated with the cells was then quantified in a spectrophotometer and the concentration of the compound that was sufficient to reduce virus replication by 50% (EC₅₀) was calculated. Cytotoxicity was measured in parallel by similar methods to yield the concentration that reduced cell number by 50% (CC₅₀).

Results.

Results are tabulated in Table 16 following.

TABLE 16 Antiviral Effect of ANP diesters in cells infected with human cytomegalovirus (AD169) Selectivity Compound # EC₅₀, μM CC₅₀, μM Index 219 <0.03 84.2 >2807 218 <0.03 7.49 >250 231 <0.03 19.0 >633 230 <0.03 3.72 >124 1 <0.03 51.5 >1717 2 0.11 18.3 166

Example 29 Antiviral Effect of ANP Diesters in Cells Infected with Vaccinia Virus (Copenhagen)

Method:

Primary low passage human foreskin fibroblast (HFF) cells in 96-well plates were infected at an MOI of 0.01 PFU/cell with the Copenhagen strain of vaccinia virus and incubated for 7 days. Media was then aspirated and cell monolayers were stained with crystal violet and rinsed with distilled water. Crystal violet associated with the cells was then quantified in a spectrophotometer and the concentration of the compound that was sufficient to reduce virus replication by 50% (EC₅₀) was calculated. Cytotoxicity was measured in parallel by similar methods to yield the concentration that reduced cell number by 50% (CC₅₀).

Results.

Results are tabulated in Table 17 following.

TABLE 17 Antiviral Effect of ANP diesters in cells infected with vaccinia virus (Copenhagen) Selectivity Compound # EC₅₀, μM CC₅₀, μM Index 219 0.09 >100 >1110 218 <0.03 >100 >3330 231 0.23 >100 >435 230 0.06 97.5 1625

Example 30 Antiviral Effect of ANP Diesters in Cells Infected BK Virus (Gardner Strain)

Method:

Primary low passage human foreskin fibroblast (HFF) cells in 96-well plates were infected at an MOI of 0.01 PFU/cell and incubated for 14 days. Media was then aspirated and total DNA was isolated and genome copy number was quantified by qPCR using the primers 5′-AGT GGA TGG GCA GCC TAT GTA-3′ (SEQ ID NO:1), 5′-TCA TAT CTG GGT CCC CTG GA-3′ (SEQ ID NO:2) and probe 5′-6-FAM AGG TAG AAG AGG TTA GGG TGT TTG ATG GCA CAG TAMRA-3′(SEQ ID NO:3). In a parallel experiment in uninfected cells cytotoxicity was determined by CELLTITER-GLO® find the concentration that reduced cell number by 50% (CC₅₀).

Results.

Results are tabulated in Table 18 following.

TABLE 18 Antiviral Effect of ANP diesters in cells infected BK virus (Gardner strain) Selectivity Compound # EC₅₀, μM CC₅₀, μM Index 219 <0.03 6.54 >218 218 <0.03 2.80 >93 231 <0.03 13.29 >443 230 0.06 19.61 327 1 <0.03 3.06 >102 2 <0.03 7.14 >238

Example 31 Antiviral Effect of ANP Diesters in HFF Cells Infected with HSV-1 (E-377)

Method.

Primary low passage human foreskin fibroblast (HFF) cells in 96-well plates were infected at an MOI of 0.01 PFU/cell with the E377 strain of herpes simplex virus type 1 and incubated for 3 days. Media was then aspirated and cell monolayers were stained with crystal violet and rinsed with distilled water. Crystal violet associated with the cells was then quantified in a spectrophotometer and the concentration of the compound that was sufficient to reduce virus replication by 50% (EC₅₀) was calculated. Cytotoxicity was measured in parallel by similar methods to yield the concentration that reduced cell number by 50% (CC₅₀).

Results.

Results are tabulated in Table 19 following.

TABLE 19 Antiviral Effect of ANP diesters in HFF cells infected with HSV-1 (E-377) Selectivity Compound # EC₅₀, μM CC₅₀, μM Index 219 1.25 19.3 15.4 218 0.92 14.5 15.8 231 1.40 88.3 63 230 2.77 82.2 30 1 1.08 >100 >93 2 >4.0 16.6 <4.2

Example 32 Antiviral Effect of ANP Diesters in HPV-11 Infected HEK 293 Cells

Method.

An origin-containing plasmid was co-transfected with HPV-11 E1 and E2 protein expression vectors into HEK 293 cells. At 4 hr post-transfection, cells were treated with compound dilutions and the cells were incubated for 48 hr. Replication of the virus origin was detected with DpnI and exonuclease III to remove unreplicated input bacterial plasmid DNA. Remaining replicated DNA was quantified by qPCR. Toxicity was determined by trypan blue exclusion.

Results.

Results are tabulated in Table 20 following.

TABLE 20 Antiviral effect of ANP diesters in HPV-11 infected HEK 293 cells Selectivity Compound # EC₅₀, μM CC₅₀, μM Index  1 0.49 >100 >204  1a [1.06, EC₉₀] — —  1b [1.16, EC₉₀] — — 218 0.77 >100 >370  2 0.27 >100 >130 219 2.04 >10 >4.9 230 0.56 >10 >17.9 231 1.56 >10 >6.41 ** EC₉₀ is the concentration required to reduce viral replication by 90%.

Example 33 Antiviral Effect of ANP Diesters in HPV-16 Infected HEK 293 Cells

Method.

An origin-containing plasmid was co-transfected with HPV-16 E1 and E2 protein expression vectors into HEK 293 cells. At 4 hr post-transfection, cells were treated with compound dilutions and the cells were incubated for 48 hr. Replication of the virus origin was detected with DpnI and exonuclease III to remove unreplicated input bacterial plasmid DNA. Remaining replicated DNA was quantified by qPCR. Toxicity was determined by trypan blue exclusion.

Results.

Results are tabulated in Table 21 following.

TABLE 21 Antiviral effect of ANP diesters in HPV-16 infected HEK 293 cells. Selectivity Compound # EC₅₀, μM CC₅₀, μM Index 218 0.24 >10 >41.7 219 2.23 >10 >4.48 1 0.20 >10 >50 19 5.27 >10 >1.9 2 0.99 >10 >10.1

Example 34 Antiviral Effect of ANP Diesters in HPV-18 Infected Primary Human Keratinocyte Rafts

Method.

Primary human keratinocytes (PHKs) were transfected with an HPV-18 genomic plasmid containing G418 resistance gene which was generated by Cre-loxP-mediated excision recombination. After a 4 day selection with G418, the surviving cells were cultured for 2-3 day and used to develop into raft cultures where the PHK cells stratify and differentiate into a squamous epithelium in 10 or more days. HPV-18 viral DNA usually amplifies between 10-14 days after the raft cultures are lifted to the air-medium interface. Efficacy and toxicity of the test compounds were determined at three concentrations added to the media from day 6 or 8 until day 14. Medium is changed every other day. Prior to harvest, BrdU is added to the medium at 100 μg/ml to document host cell DNA replication. One set of raft cultures (with or without test compounds) is harvested for quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) to determine the copy number of HPV-18 DNA/cell. Another set of the raft cultures are fixed in formalin, embedded in paraffin and toxicity is determined by histology. Additional sections are subjected to in situ hybridization to localize viral DNA amplification and BrdU incorporation which denotes host DNA replication in basal and suprabasal strata.

Results.

Results are tabulated in Table 22 following.

TABLE 22 Antiviral effect of ANP diesters in HPV-18 infected primary human keratinocyte rafts Selectivity Compound # EC₅₀, μM CC₅₀, μM Index 218 0.25 >10 >39 219 1.06 >10 >9.4 1 0.21 10 48

Example 35 Antiviral Effect of ANP Diesters in JC Virus (MAD-1) Infected COS7 Cells

Method.

COS7 cells in 96-well plates were infected at an MOI of 0.01 PFU/cell with the MAD-1 strain of JC virus and incubated for 7 days. Media was then aspirated and total DNA was isolated and genome copy number was quantified by qPCR using primers 5′-CTG GTC ATG TGG ATG CTG TCA-3′ (SEQ ID NO:4) and 5′-GCC AGC AGG CTG TTG ATA CTG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:5) and probe 5′-6-FAM-CCC TTT GTT TGG CTG CT-TAMRA-3 (SEQ ID NO:6) together with the plasmid pMP508 to provide a standard curve for quantitation. In a parallel experiment in uninfected cells, cytotoxicity was determined by CELLTITER-GLO® to find the concentration that reduced cell number by 50% (CC₅₀).

Results.

Results are tabulated in Table 23 following.

TABLE 23 Antiviral effect of ANP diesters in JC virus (MAD-1) infected COS7 cells Selectivity Compound # EC₅₀, μM CC₅₀, μM Index 1 0.07 63.8 911 2 >4 10.6 <2.7 218 >4 10.2 <2.6 219 >4 12.8 <3.2 230 >4 18.4 <4.6 231 >20 62.6 <3

Example 36 Antiviral Effect of ANP Diesters in HIV-1_(92US727) Infected Human Peripheral Blood Monocytes

Method.

Human peripheral blood monocyte (PBMC) based anti-HIV assays were performed as previously described (K. M. Watson, et al., 2008, Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 52:2787). Briefly, PHA-stimulated PBMCs cultured in the presence of IL-2 were suspended at 1×10⁶ cells/mL and were added to a 96-well round-bottom plate. Serially diluted test materials were added to the plate in triplicate followed by the appropriate pre-titered strain of HIV. The culture was incubated for 7 days at 37° C./5% CO₂. Following the incubation, supernatants were collected for analysis of virus replication by supernatant reverse transcriptase activity and cells analyzed for viability by tetrazolium dye XTT reduction (2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-[(phenylamino)carbonyl]-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide). All the assays were carried out in triplicate. Microsoft Excel 2007 was used to analyze and graph data. The percent reduction in virus replication compared to the untreated virus controls was calculated for each compound. The percent cell control value was calculated for each compound comparing the drug treated uninfected cells to the uninfected cells in medium alone.

Results.

Results are tabulated in Table 24 following.

TABLE 24 Antiviral effect of ANP diesters in HIV-1_(92US727) infected human peripheral blood monocytes Selectivity Compound # EC₅₀, μM CC₅₀, μM Index 218 <0.010 0.23 >23.0 230 <0.10 0.55 >5.5 219 <0.10 2.87 >28.7 231 <0.30 19.0 >63.3 2 <0.010 11.0 >1100 1 <0.010 0.04 >4.0 19 <0.003 0.018 >9.0 25 <0.002 0.25 >125 164 <0.40 15.0 >37.5 146 <0.04 12.5 >312 74 <0.005 24.6 >4920 92 <0.005 24.1 >4820 73 <0.005 11.3 >2260

Example 37 Antiviral Effect of ANP Diesters on Hepatitis B Virus Replication in 2.2.15 Cells In Vitro

Method.

HBV antiviral assays (Korba & Gerin, Antivir. Res., 1992, 19:55 and Iyer, et al., Antivir Agents Chem Chemother., 2004, 48:2199) are conducted using confluent cultures of 2.2.15 cells (genotype ayw; parental cell HepG2) maintained on 96-well flat-bottomed tissue culture plates. Confluence in this culture system is required for active, high levels of HBV replication equivalent to that observed in chronically-infected individuals (Sells, et al., J. Virol., 1988, 62:2836; Korba & Gerin, Antivir. Res., 1992, 19:55). Cultures are treated for 7 days. HBV DNA levels in the culture medium (representing HBV virion production) are assessed by quantitative blot hybridization 24 hrs. after the last treatment. Cytotoxicity is assessed (A₅₁₀) by uptake of neutral red dye 24 hr. following the last treatment. Lamivudine (LMV) is used as the standard assay control. EC₅₀, EC₉₀ and CC₅₀ values are calculated by linear regression analysis (MS EXCEL®, QUATTROPRO®) using data combined from all treated cultures (Korba & Gerin, 1992, Id.; Okuse, et al., Antivir. Res., 2005, 65:23). Standard deviations for EC₅₀ and EC₉₀ values are calculated from the standard errors generated by the regression analyses. EC₅₀ and EC₉₀ are drug concentrations at which a 2-fold, or a 10-fold depression of HBV DNA (relative to the average levels in untreated cultures), respectively, is observed. CC₅₀ is the drug concentration at which a 2-fold lower level of neutral red dye uptake (relative to the average levels in untreated cultures) is observed.

Results.

Results are tabulated in Table 25 following.

TABLE 25 Antiviral effect of ANP diesters on hepatitis B virus replication in 2.2.15 cells in vitro. Selectivity Compound # EC₅₀, μM CC₅₀, μM Index 2 0.88 >100 >113 218 0.76 >100 >132 219 0.45 >100 >223 19 43.0 >100 >2.33 1 0.44 >100 >226 146 33.0 >100 >3.03 164 0.46 >100 >216 74 6.5 64 10 92 7.3 68 9.3 73 34 63 1.9

VII. Embodiments

A first set of embodiments P1-P7 follows.

Embodiment P1

A compound with structure of Formula (I):

or stereoisomer, salt, hydrate, solvate, or crystalline form thereof, wherein B_(Nuc) is a naturally occurring purine or pyrimidine base, or analog thereof; L is a lipophilic promoiety, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, or O-substituted glyceryl having the formula —CH₂CH(OR¹)—CH₂(OR²) (II), wherein R¹ and R² are independently substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted aryl; R is substituted or unsubstituted lower alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted lower heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted lower cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted lower heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted lower heteroaryl; and X is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted lower alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted lower heteroalkyl.

Embodiment P2

A method of treating a viral disease in a subject, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of embodiment P1.

Embodiment P3

A method for treating cancer in a subject, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of embodiment P1.

Embodiment P4

A method of killing or inhibiting the growth of a transformed cell, comprising contacting a transformed cell with a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of embodiment P1.

Embodiment P5

A method for treating a proliferative disorder in a subject, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of embodiment P1.

Embodiment P6

A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to embodiment P1, and pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

Embodiment P7

A method for synthesis of a compound with structure of Formula

(I) according to Scheme 2:

wherein B_(Nuc) is a naturally occurring purine or pyrimidine base, or analog thereof; L is a lipophilic promoiety, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, or O-substituted glyceryl having the formula —CH₂CH(OR¹)—CH₂(OR²) (II), wherein R¹ and R² are independently substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted aryl; R is substituted or unsubstituted lower alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted lower heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted lower cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted lower heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted lower heteroaryl; and X is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted lower alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted lower heteroalkyl; and Y is a leaving group; the method including: 1) contacting a protected nucleoside B_(Nuc) with structure of Formula (2-1) with an ester with structure of Formula (2-2) in the presence of a strong base under conditions suitable to afford a monoester with structure of Formula (2-3); and 2) reacting said monoester with structure of Formula (2-3) with L-OH in the presence of a coupling agent, thereby synthesizing a compound with structure of Formula (I).

Further embodiments include the following.

Embodiment 1

A compound of Formula (Ia), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate or crystalline form thereof

wherein: B_(Nuc(a)) is a naturally occurring purine, a naturally occurring pyrimidine, a non-naturally occurring purine or a non-naturally occurring pyrimidine; L^(a) is an unsubstituted C₁₂₋₂₄ alkyl, an unsubstituted C₁₃₋₂₉ heteroalkyl or a substituted glyceryl moiety, wherein the glyceryl moiety is substituted with one or more groups selected from an unsubstituted C₁₃₋₂₉ alkyl, an unsubstituted C₁₃₋₂₉ heteroalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl (C₁₋₆ alkyl), a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl) and a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl(C₁₋₆ alkyl); R^(a) is selected from the group consisting of an unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl), a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl) and a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl(C₁₋₆ alkyl); and X^(a) is hydrogen, an unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, a halogen substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, a hydroxy substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl or an unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy.

Embodiment 2

The compound of embodiment 1 wherein X^(a) is hydrogen.

Embodiment 3

The compound of embodiment 1 wherein X^(a) is methyl.

Embodiment 4

The compound of embodiment 1, wherein X^(a) is methoxy.

Embodiment 5

The compound of embodiment 1, wherein X^(a) is a fluoro substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl.

Embodiment 6

The compound of embodiment 5, wherein X^(a) is a CH₂F.

Embodiment 7

The compound of embodiment 1, wherein X^(a) is a CH₂OH.

Embodiment 8

The compound of any one of embodiments 1-7, wherein L^(a) is an unsubstituted C₁₃₋₂₉ heteroalkyl.

Embodiment 9

The compound of embodiment 8, wherein L^(a) has the structure —(CH₂)₁₋₆—O—(CH₂)₁₁₋₂₁—CH₃.

Embodiment 10

The compound of embodiment 9, wherein L^(a) has the structure —(CH₂)₂—O—(CH₂)₁₇—CH₃.

Embodiment 11

The compound of embodiment 9, wherein L^(a) has the structure —(CH₂)₃—O—(CH₂)₁₅—CH₃.

Embodiment 12

The compound of embodiment 8, wherein L^(a) has the structure —(CH₂)₁₋₆—O—(CH₂)₁₀₋₂₀—(CHCH₃)—CH₃.

Embodiment 13

The compound of any one of embodiments 1-7, wherein L^(a) is a substituted glyceryl moiety.

Embodiment 14

The compound of embodiment 13, wherein L^(a) has the structure —(CH₂)—CH(OR^(a1))—(CH₂)—O(CH₂)₁₁₋₂₁—CH₃, wherein R^(a1) is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl), a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl) and a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl(C₁₋₆ alkyl).

Embodiment 15

The compound of embodiment 14, wherein L^(a) has the structure

Embodiment 16

The compound of embodiment 1, wherein R^(a) is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl.

Embodiment 17

The compound of embodiment 16, wherein the substituted or unsubstituted aryl is a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl.

Embodiment 18

The compound of embodiment 16, wherein the substituted or unsubstituted aryl is a substituted or unsubstituted naphthyl.

Embodiment 19

The compound of embodiment 1, wherein R^(a) is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl).

Embodiment 20

The compound of embodiment 19, wherein the substituted or unsubstituted aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl) is a substituted or unsubstituted benzyl.

Embodiment 21

The compound of embodiment 1, wherein R^(a) is a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl(C₁₋₆ alkyl).

Embodiment 22

The compound of embodiment 21, wherein the substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl(C₁₋₆ alkyl) is a substituted or unsubstituted galactosyl.

Embodiment 23

The compound of embodiment 1, wherein B_(Nuc(a)) is a naturally occurring purine.

Embodiment 24

The compound of embodiment 1, wherein B_(Nuc(a)) is a naturally occurring pyrimidine.

Embodiment 25

The compound of embodiment 1, wherein B_(Nuc(a)) is a non-naturally occurring purine.

Embodiment 26

The compound of embodiment 1, wherein B_(Nuc(a)) is a non-naturally occurring pyrimidine.

Embodiment 27

The compound of embodiment 1, wherein B_(Nuc(a)) is selected from the group consisting of:

Embodiment 28

The compound of embodiment 1, wherein the compound has the structure:

Embodiment 29

The compound of embodiment 1, wherein the compound has the structure:

Embodiment 30

The compound of embodiment 1, wherein the compound has the structure:

Embodiment 31

The compound of embodiment 1, wherein the compound is selected from any one of the compounds in Tables 1-10, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate or crystalline form thereof.

Embodiment 32

The compound of embodiment 1, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate or crystalline form of any of the foregoing.

Embodiment 33

A pharmaceutical composition including an effective amount of a compound of any one of embodiments 1-32, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate or crystalline form thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

Embodiment 34

The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 33, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is in the form of a cream, a gel or an ointment.

Embodiment 35

The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 33 or 34, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is a topical formulation.

Embodiment 36

Use of a compound of any one of embodiments 1-32, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate or crystalline form thereof, in the preparation of a medicament for treating a viral disease in a subject, wherein the viral disease is selected from the group consisting of human papilloma virus, HIV, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, variola virus, vaccinia virus, an adenovirus, a cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus 1, herpes simplex virus 2, Epstein Barr virus, BK virus, JC virus, feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus.

Embodiment 37

The use of embodiment 36, wherein said virus is human papilloma virus.

Embodiment 38

The use of embodiment 37, said compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate or crystalline form thereof, for use in treating a plurality of types of human papilloma virus.

Embodiment 39

The use of embodiment 37, wherein the human papilloma virus is selected from the group consisting human papilloma virus type 11, type 16 and type 18.

Embodiment 40

Use of a compound of any one of embodiments 1-32, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate or crystalline form thereof, in the preparation of a medicament for treating cancer of the cervix in a subject.

Embodiment 41

Use of a compound of any one of embodiments 1-32, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate or crystalline form thereof, in the preparation of a medicament for inhibiting growth of a cell transformed by a virus, wherein the virus is selected from the group consisting of human papilloma virus, HIV, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, variola virus, vaccinia virus, an adenovirus, a cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus 1, herpes simplex virus 2, Epstein Barr virus, BK virus, JC virus, feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus.

Embodiment 42

A compound of any one of embodiments 1-32, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate or crystalline form thereof, for use in treating a viral disease in a subject, wherein the viral disease is selected from the group consisting of human papilloma virus, HIV, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, variola virus, vaccinia virus, an adenovirus, a cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus 1, herpes simplex virus 2, Epstein Barr virus, BK virus, JC virus, feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus.

Embodiment 43

The compound of embodiment 42, wherein said virus is human papilloma virus.

Embodiment 44

The compound of embodiment 43, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate or crystalline form thereof, for use in treating a plurality of types of human papilloma virus.

Embodiment 45

The compound of embodiment 43, wherein the human papilloma virus is selected from the group consisting human papilloma virus type 11, type 16 and type 18.

Embodiment 46

A compound of any one of embodiments 1-32, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate or crystalline form thereof, for use in treating cancer of the cervix in a subject.

Embodiment 47

A compound of any one of embodiments 1-32, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate or crystalline form thereof, for use in inhibiting growth of a cell transformed by a virus, wherein the virus is selected from the group consisting of human papilloma virus, HIV, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, variola virus, vaccinia virus, an adenovirus, a cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus 1, herpes simplex virus 2, Epstein Barr virus, BK virus, JC virus, feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus.

Embodiment 48

A method for synthesis of the compound of Formula (Ia) according to Embodiment 1:

wherein: B_(Nuc(a)) is a naturally occurring purine, a naturally occurring pyrimidine, a non-naturally occurring purine or a non-naturally occurring pyrimidine; L^(a) is an unsubstituted C₁₂₋₂₄ alkyl, an unsubstituted C₁₃₋₂₉ heteroalkyl or a substituted glyceryl moiety, wherein the glyceryl moiety is substituted with one or more groups selected from an unsubstituted C₁₃₋₂₉ alkyl, an unsubstituted C₁₃₋₂₉ heteroalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl), a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl) and a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl(C₁₋₆ alkyl); le is selected from the group consisting of an unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl), a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl) and a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl(C₁₋₆ alkyl); X^(a) is hydrogen, an unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, a halogen substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, a hydroxy substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl or an unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy; and Y^(a) is a leaving group; the method including: contacting a compound of Formula (2-1a) that has a protected B_(Nuc(a)) with a compound of Formula (2-2a) in the presence of a strong base to form a compound of Formula (2-3a); and reacting the compound of Formula (2-3a) with L^(a)-OH in the presence of a coupling agent to form the compound of Formula (Ia). 

What is claimed is:
 1. A process for preparing a compound of Formula I comprising combining an alcohol R—OH, a coupling agent, a base, an organic solvent, and a compound of formula:

wherein B_(Nuc) is a naturally occurring purine or pyrimidine base; X is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, or C₁₋₆ heteroalkyl; and L is a C₁₃₋₂₉ heteroalkyl or O-substituted glyceryl having the formula —CH₂CH(OR¹)—CH₂(OR²) (II), wherein R¹ and R² are independently alkyl or aryl; thereby obtaining a compound of Formula I:

wherein R is aryl, benzyl, heteroaryl, aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl), or heteroaryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl).
 2. The process of claim 1, further comprising resolving the compound of Formula I to an optically active enantiomer or diastereomer of Formula I.
 3. The process of claim 1, wherein R—OH is benzyl alcohol.
 4. The process of claim 1, wherein the coupling agent is (benzotriazol-1-yloxy)-tripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate.
 5. The process of claim 1, wherein the base is N,N-diisopropylethylamine.
 6. The process of claim 1, wherein the organic solvent is N,N-dimethylformamide.
 7. A process for preparing a compound of Formula Ia comprising combining an alcohol R^(a)—OH, a coupling agent, a base, an organic solvent, and a compound of formula:

wherein B_(Nuc(a)) is a naturally occurring purine, a naturally occurring pyrimidine, a non-naturally occurring purine or a non-naturally occurring pyrimidine; X^(a) is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, a halogen substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, a hydroxy substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, or C₁₋₆ alkoxy; and L^(a) is C₁₂₋₂₄ alkyl, C₁₃₋₂₉ heteroalkyl, or a substituted glyceryl moiety, wherein the glyceryl moiety may be substituted with one or more groups selected from C₁₃₋₂₉ alkyl, C₁₃₋₂₉ heteroalkyl, aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl), heteroaryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl) and heterocycloalkyl(C₁₋₆ alkyl); thereby obtaining a compound of Formula Ia:

wherein R^(a) is aryl, heteroaryl, aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl), or heteroaryl(C₁-6 alkyl).
 8. The process of claim 7, further comprising resolving the compound of Formula Ia to obtain an optically active enantiomer or diastereomer of Formula Ia.
 9. The process of claim 7, wherein R^(a)—OH is benzyl alcohol.
 10. The process of claim 7, wherein the coupling agent is (benzotriazol-1-yloxy)-tripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate.
 11. The process of claim 7, wherein the base is N,N-diisopropylethylamine.
 12. The process of claim 7, wherein the organic solvent is N,N-dimethylformamide.
 13. A process for preparing a compound of Formula I comprising combining an alcohol L-OH, a coupling agent, a base, an organic solvent, and a compound of Formula 2-3

wherein B_(Nuc) is a naturally occurring purine or pyrimidine base; X is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, or C₁₋₆ heteroalkyl; and R is aryl, benzyl, heteroaryl, aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl), or heteroaryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl); thereby obtaining a compound of Formula I:

wherein L is C₁₃₋₂₉ heteroalkyl or O-substituted glyceryl having the formula —CH₂CH(OR¹)—CH₂(OR²), wherein R¹ and R² are independently alkyl or aryl.
 14. The process of claim 13, further comprising resolving the compound of Formula I to obtain an optically active enantiomer or diastereomer of Formula I.
 15. The process of claim 13, wherein L-OH is 2-(octadecyloxy)ethan-1-ol.
 16. The process of claim 13, wherein the coupling agent is (benzotriazol-1-yloxy)-tripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate.
 17. The process of claim 13, wherein the base is N,N-diisopropylethylamine.
 18. The process of claim 13, wherein the organic solvent is N,N-dimethylformamide.
 19. A process for preparing a compound of Formula Ia comprising combining an alcohol L^(a)-OH, a coupling agent, a base, an organic solvent, and a compound of Formula 2-3a:

wherein B_(Nuc)(a) is a naturally occurring purine, a naturally occurring pyrimidine, a non-naturally occurring purine or a non-naturally occurring pyrimidine; X^(a) is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, a halogen substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, a hydroxy substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, or C₁₋₆ alkoxy; and R^(a) is aryl, heteroaryl, aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl), or heteroaryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl); thereby obtaining a compound of Formula Ia:

wherein L^(a) is C₁₂₋₂₄ alkyl, C₁₃₋₂₉ heteroalkyl or a substituted glyceryl moiety, wherein the glyceryl moiety may be substituted with one or more groups selected from C₁₃₋₂₉ alkyl, C₁₃₋₂₉ heteroalkyl, aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl), heteroaryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl), or heterocycloalkyl(C₁₋₆ alkyl).
 20. The process of claim 19, further comprising resolving the compound of Formula Ia to obtain an optically active enantiomer or diastereomer of Formula Ia.
 21. The process of claim 19, wherein L^(a)-OH is 2-(octadecyloxy)ethan-1-ol.
 22. The process of claim 19, wherein the coupling agent is (benzotriazol-1-yloxy)-tripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate.
 23. The process of claim 19, wherein the base is N,N-diisopropylethylamine.
 24. The process of claim 19, wherein the organic solvent is N,N-dimethylformamide.
 25. A process for preparing a compound of Formula I comprising combining a strong base, an organic solvent, a compound of Formula 3-1:

and a compound Formula 3-2:

wherein Y is a leaving group; B_(Nuc) is a naturally occurring or modified purine or pyrimidine base; X is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, or C₁₋₆ heteroalkyl; L is C₁₃₋₂₉ heteroalkyl or O-substituted glyceryl having the formula —CH₂CH(OR¹)—CH₂(OR²), wherein R¹ and R² are independently alkyl or aryl; and R is aryl, heteroaryl, benzyl, aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl), or heteroaryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl); thereby obtaining a compound of Formula I:


26. The process of claim 25, further comprising resolving the compound of Formula I to obtain an optically active enantiomer or diastereomer of Formula I.
 27. The process of claim 25, wherein Y is a leaving group selected from p-toluenesulfonyl, methanesulfonyl, trifluoromethanesulfonyl, bromo and iodo.
 28. The process of claim 1, wherein B_(NUC) is guanine.
 29. The process of claim 7, wherein B_(NUC) is guanine.
 30. The process of claim 29, wherein L^(a) is C₁₃-C₂₉ heteroalkyl.
 31. The process of claim 30, wherein L^(a) is (CH₂)₂—O—(CH₂)₁₇CH₃.
 32. The process of claim 31, wherein X^(a) is hydrogen.
 33. The process of claim 13, wherein B_(NUC) is guanine.
 34. The process of claim 19, wherein B_(NUC) is guanine.
 35. The process of claim 34, wherein L^(a) is C₁₃-C₂₉ heteroalkyl.
 36. The process of claim 35, wherein L^(a) is (CH₂)₂—O—(CH₂)₁₇CH₃.
 37. The process of claim 36, wherein X^(a) is hydrogen.
 38. The process of claim 25, wherein B_(NUC) is guanine.
 39. The process of claim 38, wherein L^(a) is C₁₃-C₂₉ heteroalkyl.
 40. The process of claim 39, wherein L^(a) is (CH₂)₂—O—(CH₂)₁₇CH₃.
 41. The process of claim 40, wherein X^(a) is hydrogen.
 42. A process comprising combining benzyl alcohol, a coupling agent, a base, an organic solvent, and a compound of formula:

thereby obtaining a compound of formula:


43. The process of claim 42, wherein the coupling agent is (benzotriazol-1-yloxy)-tripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate.
 44. The process of claim 42, wherein the base is N,N-diisopropylethylamine.
 45. The process of claim 42, wherein the organic solvent is N,N-dimethylformamide. 